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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

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FORM 10-Q

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(Mark One)

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☒   QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

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For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024

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OR

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☐   TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

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For the transition period from                          to                        

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001-33357

(Commission file number)

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PROTALIX BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

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(201)-696-9345

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

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N/A

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  ⌧  No  ◻

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ⌧  No  ◻

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ◻

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes  ☐   No   ☒

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On May 1, 2024, approximately 73,316,084 shares of the Registrant’s common stock, $0.001 par value, were outstanding.

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FORM 10-Q

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

PROTALIX BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(U.S. dollars in thousands)

(Unaudited)

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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PROTALIX BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)

(Unaudited)

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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PROTALIX BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (CAPITAL DEFICIENCY)

(U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data)

(Unaudited)

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*Represents an amount equal to less than $1.

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(1) Common stock, $0.001 par value; Authorized – as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 – 185,000,000 shares.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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PROTALIX BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(U.S. dollars in thousands)

(Unaudited)

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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PROTALIX BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(U.S. dollars in thousands)

(Unaudited)

(Continued) – 2

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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PROTALIX BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

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PROTALIX BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

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PROTALIX BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

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PROTALIX BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

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PROTALIX BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

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PROTALIX BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

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PROTALIX BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

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PROTALIX BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
AND RISK FACTORS SUMMARY

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our financial statements and the consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Form 10-Q and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis, particularly with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward-looking statements within the meanings of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, including statements regarding expectations, beliefs, intentions or strategies for the future. When used in this report, the terms “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “can,” “continue,” “could,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would” and words or phrases of similar import, as they relate to our company, our subsidiaries or our management, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We intend that all forward-looking statements be subject to the safe-harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements are only predictions and reflect our views as of the date they are made with respect to future events and financial performance, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise, nor do we have a policy of updating or revising, any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which the statement is made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as may be required under applicable law. Forward-looking statements are subject to many risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from any future results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements as a result of several factors.

Examples of the risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the following:

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Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have suffered significant setbacks in advanced or late-stage clinical trials, even after obtaining promising earlier trial results or preliminary findings for such clinical trials. Even if favorable testing data is generated from clinical trials of a drug product, the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities may not accept or approve a marketing application filed by a pharmaceutical or biotechnology company for the drug product.

Recent Company Developments

In May 2024, we decided to expand our phase I First-in-Human clinical trial of PRX-115 by adding an eighth cohort with eight new patients. We also decided to commence preparations for a phase II clinical trial of PRX-115.

ProCellEx: Our Proprietary Protein Expression System

ProCellEx is our proprietary platform used to produce and manufacture recombinant proteins through plant cell-based expression in suspension. We are the first and only company to gain FDA approval of a protein produced through plant cell-based expression, and with the recent approval of Elfabrio, we now have two commercial proteins produced through our platform.

ProCellEx consists of a comprehensive set of proprietary technologies and capabilities, including the use of advanced genetic engineering and plant cell culture technology, enabling us to produce complex, proprietary, and biologically equivalent proteins for a variety of human diseases. Our protein expression system facilitates the creation and selection of high-expressing, genetically-stable cell lines capable of expressing recombinant proteins. The system plays an important role in the execution of our corporate strategy as its allows us to develop and produce tailored complex recombinant therapeutic proteins and to genetically engineer and/or chemically

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modify such proteins pre- and/or post-production. The engineering and modification of the therapeutic proteins have the potential to provide added clinical benefits by improving the biological characteristics (e.g., glycosylation, half-life, immunogenicity).

Our ProCellEx technology allows for many unique advantages, including: biologic optimization; an ability to handle complex protein expressions; flexible manufacturing with improvements through efficiencies, enhancements and/or rapid horizontal scale-ups; a simplified production process; elimination of the risk of viral contaminations from mammalian components; and intellectual property advantages.

We developed ProCellEx based on our plant cell culture technology for the development, expression and manufacture of recombinant proteins which are the essential foundation of modern biotechnology. We develop new, recombinant therapeutic proteins by using the natural capability of agrobacterium to transfer a DNA fragment into the plant chromosome, allowing the genome of the plant cell to code for specific proteins of interest. The agrobacterium-mediated transformed cells are then able to produce specific proteins, which are extracted and purified and can be used as therapies to treat a variety of diseases.

Our ProCellEx technology can be utilized to express complex therapeutic proteins belonging to different drug classes, such as enzymes, hormones, monoclonal antibodies, cytokines and vaccines. The entire protein expression process, from initial nucleotide cloning to large-scale production of the protein product, occurs under Current Good Manufacturing Practice-, or cGMP-, compliant, controlled processes. Our plant cell culture technology uses cells, such as carrot and tobacco (BY-2) cells, which undergo advanced genetic engineering and/or chemical modifications, and are grown on an industrial scale in a disposable, flexible bioreactor system. Our system does not involve mammalian or animal-derived components or transgenic field-grown or whole plants at any point in the production process.

Cell growth, from initiating scale-up steps from a cell-bank through large-scale production takes place in a clean-room environment in flexible, sterile, custom-designed polyethylene bioreactors, and does not require the use of large stainless-steel bioreactors commonly used in mammalian-based systems for recombinant protein production. The ProCellEx reactors are easy to use and maintain, allow for rapid horizontal scale-up and do not involve the risk of mammalian viral contamination. Our bioreactors are well-suited for plant cell growth using a simple, inexpensive, chemically defined growth medium. The reactors, which are custom-designed and optimized for plant cell cultures, require low initial capital investment and are rapidly scalable at a low cost.

Plant Cell Production Advantages

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ProCellEx^®: Protalix’s Differentiated Plant Cell Protein Expression Platform

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Products and Product Pipeline

Our Marketed Products

We have two commercial products, each of which is an ERT; Elelyso and Elfabrio.

Elelyso for the Treatment of Gaucher Disease

Elelyso (taliglucerase alfa), our first commercial product, was approved by the FDA in 2012 for injection as an ERT for the long-term treatment of adult patients with a confirmed diagnosis of type 1 Gaucher disease. In August 2014, the FDA approved Elelyso for injection for pediatric patients. Elelyso is the first plant cell derived recombinant protein to be approved by the FDA for the treatment of Gaucher disease and is now approved in 23 markets including the United States, Brazil, Israel and others.

Gaucher disease, also known as glucocerebrosidase, or GCD, deficiency, is a rare genetic autosomal recessive disorder and one of the most common Lysosomal Storage Disorders, or LSDs, in the world. It is one of a group of disorders that affect specific enzymes that normally break down fatty substances for reuse in the cells. If the enzymes are missing or do not work properly, the substances can build up and become toxic. Gaucher disease occurs when a lipid called glucosylceramide accumulates in the cells of the bone marrow, lungs, spleen, liver, and sometimes the brain. Gaucher disease symptoms can include fatigue, anemia, easy bruising and bleeding,

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severe bone pain and easily broken bones, and distended stomach due to an enlarged spleen and thrombocytopenia. Epidemiology of Gaucher disease varies; Recent literature provides that prevalence of Gaucher disease ranges from 0.70 to 1.75 per 100,000 in the general population. In people of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage, estimates of occurrence vary from approximately 1 in 400 to 1 in 850 people.

The global market for Gaucher disease, that includes Sanofi’s Cerezyme^®, Shire’s Vpriv^® and Sanofi’s Cerdelga^®, among others, was $1.6 billion in 2023, is forecasted to be approximately $1.6 billion in 2024 and is forecasted to grow at a CAGR of approximately 1% from 2023-2029.

The current standard of care for Gaucher disease is ERT, which is a medical treatment where recombinant enzymes are injected into patients to replace the lacking or dysfunctional enzyme. In Gaucher disease, recombinant GCD is infused to replace the mutated or deficient natural GCD enzyme. Elelyso is the only alternative ERT treatment of Gaucher disease to Sanofi Genzyme’s Cerezyme^® and Takeda’s (Shire) Vpriv.

Elfabrio for the Treatment of Fabry Disease

Elfabrio, our second commercial product, was approved by the EC for marketing in the EU and by the FDA for marketing in the United States in May 2023 for adult patients with Fabry disease. Both approvals cover the 1 mg/kg every two weeks dosage. Overall, the FDA review team concluded that in the context of Fabry disease as a rare, serious disease with limited therapeutic options that may not be suitable to all individual patients, the benefit-risk of Elfabrio is favorable for the treatment of adults with confirmed Fabry disease. According to the EMA, overall, the benefit/risk balance of Elfabrio is positive in the claimed indication (Fabry disease). The FDA publicly released the internal review documents for Elfabrio. These documents provide previously unavailable additional information regarding the basis for the FDA’s May 2023 approval decision. In particular, the FDA determined that substantial evidence of effectiveness for Elfabrio in Fabry patients was established with one adequate and well-controlled study, our phase I\II clinical trial of Fabry disease, with confirmatory evidence provided by the BALANCE study. The FDA review team also concluded that the BALANCE study met its primary efficacy endpoint, which assessed the annualized rate of change in eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) over 104 weeks. However, the FDA also determined that the results from the BALANCE study did not support a non-inferiority claim to the comparator product due to the lack of data to support the non-inferiority margin.

In August and September of 2023, Elfabrio was approved in Great Britain and Switzerland, respectively, and by the Israeli Ministry of Health in January 2024, for long-term enzyme replacement therapy in adult patients with a confirmed diagnosis of Fabry disease.

Fabry disease is a serious life-threatening rare genetic disorder. Fabry patients lack or have low levels of α-galactosidase-A resulting in the progressive accumulation of abnormal deposits of a fatty substance called globotriaosylceramide, or Gb₃, in blood vessel walls throughout their body. The ultimate consequences of Gb₃ deposition range from episodes of pain and impaired peripheral sensation to end-organ failure, particularly of the kidneys, but also of the heart and the cerebrovascular system. Fabry disease occurs in one person per 40,000 to 60,000 males.

The standard of care for Fabry disease is ERT. Currently, the ERTs for Fabry disease are agalsidase alfa, agalsidase beta, and now Elfabrio. Through an ERT, the missing α-galactosidase-A is replaced with a recombinant form of the protein via intravenous, or IV, infusion once every two weeks. Fabry disease, if left untreated, will progress from a less severe condition to a more serious one. It can have a significant impact on quality of life due to presence of serious, chronic and debilitating complications, including cardiovascular and renal complications, and comorbid conditions such as pain can have a significant impact on the psychological well-being of Fabry patients and their social functioning. Fabry disease involves substantial reduction in life expectancy. Causes of death are most often cardiovascular disease and, to a lesser extent, cerebrovascular disease and renal disease. The life expectancy of Fabry patients is significantly shorter compared to the general population. Untreated male Fabry patients may experience shortened lifespans to approximately 50 years, and 70 years for untreated female patients with Fabry disease. This represents a 20- and 10-year reduction of their respective lifespans.

The global market for Fabry disease, that includes agalsidase beta, Sanofi’s Fabrazyme^®, agalsidase alfa, Shire’s (acquired by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited) Replagal^® and Amicus Therapeutics’ Galafold^®, among others, is forecasted to be approximately $2.0 billion in 2023 and is forecasted to grow at a CAGR of 6.8% from 2023-2029 reaching approximately $3.1 billion in annual sales at the end of the decade.

Elfabrio Regulatory Background

On November 9, 2022, we, together with Chiesi, resubmitted to the FDA a BLA for PRX-102, the name we assigned to Elfabrio internally prior to its approvals, for the potential treatment of adult patients with Fabry disease. The initial BLA for PRX-102 was submitted to the FDA on May 27, 2020 under the FDA’s Accelerated Approval pathway, and the submission was subsequently

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accepted by the FDA and granted Priority Review designation. However, in April 2021, the FDA issued a complete response letter, or CRL, in response to the initial BLA. In preparation for the BLA resubmission, we and Chiesi participated in a Type A (End of Review) meeting with the FDA on September 9, 2021. As part of the meeting minutes provided by the FDA, which included the preliminary comments and meeting discussion, the FDA, in principle, agreed that the data package proposed to the FDA for a BLA resubmission had the potential to support a traditional approval of PRX-102 for the treatment of Fabry disease. The data package in the BLA resubmission, given the change in the regulatory landscape in the United States, included the final two-year analyses of our BALANCE study, which were completed in July 2022, and long-term data from our open-label extension study of PRX-102 in adult patients treated with a 2 mg/kg every four weeks dosage of PRX-102. The initial BLA included a comprehensive set of preclinical, clinical and manufacturing data compiled from our completed phase I/II clinical trial of PRX-102, including the related extension study, interim clinical data from our phase III BRIDGE clinical trial of PRX-102 for the treatment of Fabry disease, or the BRIDGE study, and safety data from our then on-going clinical studies of PRX-102 in adult patients receiving 1 mg/kg every two weeks.

No concerns relating to the potential safety or efficacy of PRX-102 in the submitted data package were raised in the CRL. The FDA noted in CRL that the FDA noted that an inspection of our manufacturing facility in Carmiel, Israel, including the FDA’s subsequent assessment of any related FDA findings, is required before the FDA can approve a new drug. Due to travel restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic, the FDA was unable to conduct the required pre-approval inspection during the review cycle. In addition to the foregoing, the FDA noted that agalsidase beta had recently been converted to full approval, a change in regulatory circumstances which had to be addressed in the resubmitted BLA for PRX-102.

On February 7, 2022, the PRX-102 MAA was submitted to, and subsequently validated by, the EMA. The submission was made after the October 8, 2021 meeting we held, together with Chiesi, with the Rapporteur and Co-Rapporteur of the EMA regarding PRX-102. At the meeting, we and Chiesi discussed the scope of the anticipated MAA submission for the European Union, and the Rapporteur and Co-Rapporteur were generally supportive of the planned MAA submission. The MAA submission included a comprehensive set of preclinical, clinical and manufacturing data compiled from our completed and ongoing clinical studies evaluating PRX-102 as a potential alternative treatment for adult patients with Fabry disease. The submission was supported by the 12-month interim data analysis generated from our BALANCE study, which was released in June 2021. Data generated from the completed BRIDGE study, the phase I/II clinical trial in naive or untreated patients, and from the extension studies with 1 mg/kg every two weeks were also included in the submission. In addition, the MAA included data from the completed 12-month switch–over phase III BRIGHT clinical trial of PRX-102 for the treatment of Fabry disease for adult patients with Fabry disease treated with the 2 mg/kg every four weeks dosage, or the BRIGHT study. As part of the EMA review process, we and Chiesi received the Day 120 list of questions in June 2022, and the full response package thereto was submitted to the EMA in September 2022 (following a 3-month clock-stop period). An essential portion of the response included the submission of the final analysis of the two-year BALANCE study (the final Clinical Study Report), and an interim analysis of the long-term, open-label extension study of PRX-102 in adult patients with Fabry disease treated with the 2 mg/kg every four weeks dosage.

On February 24, 2023, we, together with Chiesi, announced that the CHMP had adopted a positive opinion, recommending marketing authorization for PRX-102. The CHMP opinion was then referred for final action to the EC. As disclosed above, Elfabrio was subsequently approved by the EC for marketing in the EU and in the United States in May 2023 for adult patients with Fabry disease. Both approvals cover the 1 mg/kg every two weeks dosage.

Elfabrio Key Trials and Design

Our PRX-102 clinical development program was designed to show that PRX-102 has a potential clinical benefit in all adult Fabry patient populations when compared to the then marketed Fabry disease enzymes, agalsidase beta and agalsidase alfa. In preclinical studies, PRX-102 showed significantly longer half-life due to higher enzyme stability, enhanced activity in Fabry disease affected organs leading to reduction of the accumulated substrate and reduced immunogenicity, which together can potentially lead to improved efficacy through increased substrate clearance and significantly lower formation of anti-drug antibodies, or ADAs.

The phase III clinical program included three individual studies; the BALANCE study, the BRIDGE study the BRIGHT study, all of which have been completed. In the phase III clinical program overall, two potential dosing regimens for PRX-102 were analyzed; 1 mg/kg every two weeks, with the potential for improved efficacy and safety offering a potential alternative to existing enzyme replacement therapies, and 2 mg/kg every four weeks. The phase III program was preceded by the phase I/II clinical trial, a dose range finding study in ERT-naïve adult patients with Fabry disease, which was completed in 2016.

Phase III BALANCE Study

The BALANCE study (PB-102-F20, NCT02795676) was a pivotal 24-month, randomized, double blind, active control study of PRX-102 in adult Fabry patients with deteriorating renal function designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of 1 mg/kg of PRX-102

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administered every two weeks compared to agalsidase beta. The Clinical Study Report for the BALANCE study was completed in July 2022. The final analysis confirmed the positive top-line results (announced in April 2022) and favorable tolerability profile. A total of 78 patients who were previously treated with agalsidase beta for at least one year with an eGFR slope at screening worse than -2 mL/min/1.73 m²/year were enrolled in the study. Patients were randomized on a 2:1 ratio for switching to PRX-102 or continuing on agalsidase beta. A total of 77 patients were treated; 52 with PRX-102 and 25 with agalsidase beta. Approximately 40% of the enrolled patients were female.

Forty-seven (90.4%) patients in the PRX-102 arm experienced at least one treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) compared to 24 (96.0%) in the agalsidase beta arm. The number of events adjusted to 100 years of exposure is 572.36 events for the PRX-102 arm and 816.85 events for the agalsidase beta arm.

TEAEs were reported for 21 (40.4%) patients in the PRX-102 arm compared to 11 (44.0%) in the agalsidase beta arm. The number of treatment-related events adjusted to 100 years of exposure is 42.85 events for the PRX-102 arm and 152.91 events for the agalsidase beta arm.

Usage of infusion pre-medication was tapered down during the study, if possible, for all patients. At baseline, 21 (40.4%) patients in the PRX-102 arm used infusion premedication compared to 16 (64.0%) in the agalsidase beta arm. At the end of the study, only three out of 47 (6.4%) patients in the PRX-102 arm used infusion premedication compared to three out of 24 (12.5%) in the agalsidase beta arm. Even with this reduction in use of premedication, there were fewer reported infusion-related reactions with PRX-102: 11 (21.2%) patients in the PRX-102 arm experienced a total of 13 events compared to six (24.0%) patients experiencing a total of 51 events in the agalsidase beta arm. The number of infusion-related reactions adjusted to 100 infusions is 0.5 for the PRX-102 arm and 3.9 for agalsidase beta arm.

Assessment of immunogenicity, that is, the existence and development of anti PRX-102 antibodies or anti-agalsidase beta antibodies, in the study indicated that for the PRX-102 arm, 18 (34.6%) patients were ADA positive at baseline, of which 17 (94.4%) had neutralizing antibody activity. For the agalsidase beta arm, eight (32.0%) patients were ADA positive at baseline, of which seven (87.5%) had neutralizing antibody activity. Only a small number of patients showed treatment-emergent ADA. At the end of the two-year study, 11 (23.4%) patients that received PRX-102 were ADA positive, of which seven (63.6%) had neutralizing antibody activity, while in the agalsidase beta arm six (26.1%) were ADA-positive and all six (100%) had neutralizing antibody activity. There was little change in the percentage of patients who were ADA positive, with a trend of reduction observed in the PRX-102 arm and stability in the agalsidase beta arm. The proportion of patients with neutralizing ADA decreased in the PRX-102 arm while it remained stable in the agalsidase beta arm.

Out of the 78 randomized patients, six patients discontinued the study: out of the five (9.4%) from the PRX-102 arm, one patient withdrew consent prior to the first infusion, two discontinued due to personal reasons, and two due to adverse events (one due to an unrelated adverse event and one due to a treatment related adverse event); one (4%) patient from the agalsidase beta arm discontinued for personal reasons. There were no deaths in this study.

Considering that in the trial patients in the PRX-102 arm were exposed for the first time to the novel enzyme, tolerability data appear favorable for PRX-102 and in-line with what was observed in the previous clinical studies of PRX-102.

Of the patients that completed the trial from both the PRX-102 and agalsidase beta treatment arms, 69 opted, with the advice of the treating physician, to receive PRX-102 1 mg/kg every two weeks in the long-term open-label extension study which is now sponsored by Chiesi.

The results of the direct, blinded comparison of PRX-102 to agalsidase beta, for the primary efficacy renal endpoints (i.e., eGFR change, eGFR slope) and for the main secondary endpoints (e.g., urine protein to creatinine ratio [UPCR] LVMI, MSSI, BPI) strongly suggest comparability in treatment effects between the two treatments.

At the same time a potentially favorable safety profile was identified based on lower rates of IRR, lower ADA positivity, and less premedication use in the PRX-102 arm compared to agalsidase beta. Overall, a positive benefit-risk balance was confirmed.

Phase III BRIDGE Study

The BRIDGE study (PB-102-F30, NCT03018730) was a 12-month open-label, single arm switch-over study evaluating the safety and efficacy of PRX-102, 1 mg/kg infused every two weeks, in up to 22 Fabry patients previously treated with agalsidase alfa for at least two years and on a stable dose for at least six months. In the study, patients were screened and evaluated over three months while continuing agalsidase alfa treatment. The study was completed in December 2019.

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Final results of the data generated in the BRIDGE study showed substantial improvement in renal function as measured by mean annualized eGFR slope in both male and female patients. Twenty of 22 patients completed the 12-month treatment duration. Eighteen of the patients who completed the study opted to roll over to a long-term extension study and continue to be treated with PRX-102. In the study, the mean annualized eGFR slope of the study participants improved from -5.90 mL/min/1.73m²/year while on agalsidase alfa to -1.19 mL/min/1.73m²/year on PRX-102 in all patients. Male patients improved from -6.36 mL/min/1.73m²/year to -1.73mL/min/1.73m²/year and female patients improved from -5.03 mL/min/1.73m²/year to -0.21 mL/min/1.73m²/year. Following the switch to PRX-102, there was a decrease in patients with progressing or fast progressing kidney disease which is consistent with the therapeutic goals for Fabry disease, as identified by Christoph Wanner, et. al., in 2019, and most patients achieved a stable status post-switch.

PRX-102 was well-tolerated in the BRIDGE study, with all adverse events being transient in nature without sequelae. Of the 22 patients enrolled in the BRIDGE study, the majority of TEAEs were mild or moderate in severity, with two patients (9.1%) withdrawing from the therapy due to hypersensitivity reaction that was resolved. The most common moderate TEAEs were nasopharyngitis, headache and dyspnea. An immunogenicity assessment indicated that four out of 20 patients (20%) developed persistent ADAs over the course of the study, of which two had neutralizing activity.

Of the patients that completed the trial, 18 opted, with the advice of the treating physician, to continue receiving PRX-102 1 mg/kg every two weeks in a long-term open-label extension study which is now sponsored by Chiesi.

Phase III BRIGHT Study

The BRIGHT study (PB-102-F50, NCT03180840) was a multicenter, multinational open-label, switch-over study designed to evaluate the safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics of treatment with 2 mg/kg of PRX-102 administered every four weeks for 52 weeks (a total of 14 infusions). The study was completed in June 2020. The 2 mg/kg every four weeks dosage has not been approved by the EMA, FDA or any other jurisdiction.

Enrollment in the study included 30 adult patients (24 males and 6 females) with mean (SD) age of 40.5 (11.3) years, ranging from 19 to 58 years previously treated with a commercially available ERT (agalsidase beta or agalsidase alfa), for at least three years and on a stable dose administered every two weeks. To determine eligibility for participation in the study, candidates were screened to identify and select Fabry patients with clinically stable kidney disease. The most common Fabry disease symptoms at baseline were acroparesthesia, heat intolerance, angiokeratomas and hypohydrosis. Patients who matched the criteria were enrolled in the study and switched from their current treatment of IV infusions every two weeks to 2 mg/kg of PRX-102 every four weeks for 12 months. Patients participating in the study were evaluated, among other disease parameters, to determine if their kidney disease had not further deteriorated while being treated with the four-week dosing regimen as measured by eGFR and for lyso-Gb₃ levels as a Fabry biomarker, as well as other parameters. In addition, participating patients were evaluated to assess the safety and tolerability of PRX-102.

The final results from the BRIGHT study indicate that 2 mg/kg of PRX-102 administered by intravenous infusion every four weeks was well tolerated, and Fabry disease assessed by eGFR slope and plasma lyso-Gb₃ was stable throughout PRX-102 treatment in adult Fabry patients. None of the patients without ADAs at screening developed treatment-induced ADAs following the switch to PRX-102 treatment.

All 30 patients received at least one dose of PRX-102, and 29 patients completed the one-year study. Of these 29 patients, 28 received the intended regimen of 2 mg/kg every four weeks throughout the entire study, while one patient was switched to 1 mg/kg PRX-102 every two weeks per protocol at the 11th infusion. One patient withdrew from the study after the first infusion due to a traffic accident.

First infusions of PRX-102 were administered under controlled conditions at the investigation site. Based on the protocol-specified criteria, patients were able to receive their PRX-102 infusions at a home care setup once the applicable Investigator and Sponsor Medical Monitor agreed that it was safe to do so. Safety and efficacy exploratory endpoints were assessed throughout the 52-week study.

Overall, 33 of 183 total TEAEs reported in nine (30.0%) of the patients were considered treatment related; all were mild or moderate in severity and the majority were resolved at the end of the study. There were no serious or severe treatment-related TEAEs and no TEAEs led to death or study withdrawal. Of the treatment-related TEAEs, 27 were infusion-related reactions (IRRs) and the remainder were single events of diarrhea, erythema, fatigue, influenza-like illness, increases urine protein/creatinine ratio, and urine positive for white blood cells. The 27 IRRs were reported in five (16.7%) patients, all male. All IRRs occurred during the infusion or within two hours post-infusion; no events were recorded between two and 24 hours post-infusion.

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Study outcome measures show that plasma lyso-Gb₃ concentrations remained stable during the study with a mean change (±SE) of 3.01 nM (0.94) from baseline (19.36 nM ±3.35) to Week 52 (22.23 ±3.60 nM). Mean absolute eGFR values were stable during the 52-week treatment period, with a mean change from baseline of -1.27 mL/min/1.73 m² (1.39). Mean (SE) eGFR slope, at the end of the study, for the overall population, was -2.92 (1.05) mL/min/1.73 m²/year indicating stability.

The study suggests that Fabry patients who are currently receiving ERT every two weeks may be successfully transitioned to PRX-102 2 mg/kg every four weeks as an effective and tolerable alternative treatment option. Additional long term data is being collected as part of the ongoing long term extension study (PB-102-F51, NCT03614234) of the 2 mg/kg PRX-102 every four weeks dose.

Following a survey of participants using the Quality of Life EQ-5D-5L questionnaire, responses indicate that patient perception of their own health remained high and stable throughout the 52-week study duration, with overall health mean (SE) scores of 78.3 (3.1) and 82.1 (2.9) at baseline and Week 52, respectively, in a 0 to 100 scale. Using the short-form Brief Pain Inventory, or, questionnaire, approximately 75% of study participants had an improvement or no change in average pain severity at Week 52 (compared to baseline). The short-form BPI interference items also remained stable during the study. Pain-related results indicate that there was no increase and/or relapse in pain. No Fabry clinical events were reported during the study.

Of the patients that completed the trial, 29 opted, with the advice of the treating physician, to continue receiving PRX-102 2 mg/kg every four weeks in a long-term open-label extension study which is now sponsored by Chiesi. Two of such patients are being treated with 1 mg/kg every two weeks dosage.

Phase I/II Study

The phase I/II clinical trial of PRX-102 (NCT01678898) was a worldwide, multi-center, open-label, dose ranging study designed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity and efficacy parameters of PRX-102 in adult patients with Fabry disease. It was completed in 2015.

We initiated the phase I\II study after PRX-102, in preclinical studies, showed significantly longer half-life due to higher enzyme stability, enhanced activity in Fabry disease affected organs leading to reduction of the accumulated substrate and reduced immunogenicity, which together can potentially lead to improved efficacy through increased substrate clearance and significantly lower formation of ADAs.

Sixteen adult, naïve Fabry patients (9 male and 7 female) completed the phase I/II study, each in one of three dosing groups, 0.2 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg. Each patient received IV infusions of PRX-102 every two weeks for 12 weeks, with efficacy follow-up after six-month and twelve-month periods. The overall results demonstrate that PRX-102 reaches the affected tissue and reduces kidney Gb₃ inclusions burden and lyso-Gb₃ in the circulation. A high correlation was found between the two Fabry disease biomarkers, reduction of kidney Gb₃ inclusions and the reduction of plasma lyso-Gb₃ over six months of treatment.

Data was recorded at 24 months from 11 patients who completed 12 months of the long-term open-label extension trial that succeeded the phase I/II study. Patients who did not continue in the extension trial included female patients who became or planned to become pregnant and therefore were unable to continue in accordance with the study protocol and patients who relocated to a location where treatment was not available under the clinical study.

Results show that lyso-Gb₃ levels decreased approximately 90% from baseline. Renal function remained stable with mean eGFR levels of 108.02 and 107.20 at baseline and 24 months, respectively, with a modest annual eGFR slope of -2.1. An improvement across all the gastrointestinal symptoms evaluated, including severity and frequency of abdominal pain and frequency of diarrhea, was noted. Cardiac parameters, including LVM, LVMI and EF, remained stable with no cardiac fibrosis development detected. In conclusion, an improvement of over 40% in disease severity was shown as measured by the Mainz Severity Score Index, or MSSI, a score compiling the different elements of the disease severity including neurological, renal and cardiovascular parameters. In addition, an improvement was noted in each of the individual parameters of the MSSI.

The majority of adverse events were mild-to-moderate in severity, and transient in nature. During the first 12 months of treatment, only three of 16 patients (less than 19%) formed ADAs of which two of these patients (less than 13%) had neutralizing antibodies. Importantly, however, the ADAs turned negative for all three of these patients following 12 months of treatment. The ADA positivity effect had no observed impact on the safety, efficacy or continuous biomarker reduction of PRX-102.

Of the patients who completed the trial, 10 patients opted to continue receiving PRX-102 in an open-label, 60-month extension study under which all patients were switched to receive 1 mg/kg of the drug, the selected dose for our BALANCE and BRIDGE studies.

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Extension Studies

Patients who completed the BALANCE, BRIDGE and BRIGHT studies, and the extension of the phase I/II study, were offered the opportunity to continue PRX-102 treatment in one of two long-term open-label extension studies. Overall, 126 subjects who participated in our PRX-102 clinical program initially opted, with the advice of the treating physician, to enroll in one of our long-term, open label, extension studies of PRX-102: 97 patients in the 1 mg/kg every two weeks extension study (PB-102-F60, NCT03566017) (10 subjects who completed an extension study from the phase I/II study, 18 subjects who completed the BRIDGE study; 69 subjects who completed the BALANCE study), and 29 subjects who completed the BRIGHT study in the 2 mg/kg every four weeks extension study (PB-102-F51, NCT03614234). Two of the subjects in the PB-102-F51 study are being treated with 1 mg/kg every two weeks. As of March 1, 2023, sponsorship of the two extension studies was transferred to Chiesi, and Chiesi is now administering the open-label extension studies.

Over time, and as Elfabrio is approved for marketing in different jurisdictions, participants switch-out of the open-label extension studies. Most of them have transferred to a commercial setting; others withdraw for other reasons.

Pediatric FLY Study

Chiesi is sponsoring, with our collaborative efforts, a clinical trial entitled “Multi-Centre, Open-label Trial to Assess the Safety, Pharmacodynamics, Efficacy and Pharmacokinetics of pegunigalsidase alfa in Patients From 2 Years to Less Than 18 Years of Age With Confirmed Fabry Disease,” or the FLY study (NCT06328608). The FLY study is currently in the start-up phase. The design of the study is based on the Initial Pediatric Study Plan (iPSP) agreed to with the FDA and the paediatric investigation plan (PIP) for Elfabrio, which has been accepted, as amended, by the Paediatric Committee (PDCO) of the EMA.

Japanese RISE Study

Chiesi is currently enrolling patients in its clinical trial entitled “A Multicenter Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Efficacy of Pegunigalsidase Alfa (PRX-102) in Japanese Patients With Fabry Disease,” or the RISE study (NCT05710692). The aim of the RISE study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of pegunigalsidase alfa in Japanese patients (adults and adolescents) affected by Fabry disease. It is planned that a total of approximately 18-20 male and female Fabry disease patients between the ages of 13 and 60 years will be enrolled in the study which is being conducted in Japan.

Commercialization of Approved Products

Commercialization Agreements with Chiesi Farmaceutici

We have entered into two exclusive global licensing and supply agreements for PRX-102 for the treatment of Fabry disease with Chiesi. The agreements have significant revenue potential for Protalix. Under the agreements, Protalix Ltd. has received $50.0 million in upfront payments and development cost reimbursements of $45.0 million, and is entitled to approximately $1.0 billion in potential milestone payments as well as additional payments as consideration for drug product supply. The additional payments for drug product supplied are based on the average selling price of the drug product in the relevant territory multiplied by tiered payments, as detailed below. During the quarter ended June 30, 2023, we received net proceeds of $20.0 million representing a milestone payment earned upon the FDA’s approval of Elfabrio for adult Fabry patients.

On October 19, 2017, Protalix Ltd. and Chiesi entered into the Chiesi Ex-US Agreement pursuant to which Chiesi was granted an exclusive license for all markets outside of the United States to commercialize PRX-102. Under the Chiesi Ex-US Agreement, Chiesi made an upfront payment to Protalix Ltd. of $25.0 million in connection with the execution of the agreement, and Protalix Ltd. was entitled to additional payments of up to $25.0 million in development costs in the aggregate, capped at $10.0 million per year. Protalix Ltd. is also eligible to receive additional payments of up to a maximum of $320.0 million in regulatory and commercial milestone payments. Protalix Ltd. agreed to manufacture all of the PRX-102 needed for all purposes under the agreement, subject to certain exceptions, and Chiesi will purchase PRX-102 from Protalix Ltd., subject to certain terms and conditions. Chiesi is required to make tiered payments for drug product purchased from Protalix based on the average selling price of the drug product in the relevant territory multiplied by 15% to 35%, depending on the amount of annual net sales outside of the United States.

On July 23, 2018, Protalix Ltd. entered into the Chiesi US Agreement with respect to the development and commercialization of PRX-102 in the United States. Protalix Ltd. received an upfront, non-refundable, non-creditable payment of $25.0 million from Chiesi and was entitled to additional payments of up to a maximum of $20.0 million to cover development costs for PRX-102, capped at $7.5 million per year. Protalix Ltd. is also eligible to receive additional payments of up to a maximum of $760.0 million, in the aggregate, in regulatory and commercial milestone payments. Chiesi agreed to make tiered payments for drug product purchased from

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Protalix based on the average selling price of the drug product in the United States multiplied by 15% to 40%, subject to certain terms and conditions, depending on the amount of annual net sales in the United States.

On May 13, 2021, we signed a binding term sheet with Chiesi amending the Chiesi Agreements in order to provide our company with near-term capital. Chiesi agreed to make a $10.0 million payment to us before the end of the second quarter of 2021 in exchange for a $25.0 million reduction in a longer term regulatory milestone payment provided in the Chiesi EX-US Agreement. All other regulatory and commercial milestone payments remain unchanged. We received the payment in June 2021. We also agreed to negotiate certain manufacturing related matters.

On August 29, 2022, we entered into the F/F Agreement and the Letter Agreement with Chiesi. Under the F/F Agreement, we agreed to supply Chiesi with drug substance for PRX-102 and, following relevant technology and technical information transfer activities, Chiesi agreed, among other things, to provide us with commercial fill/finish services for PRX-102, including to support the anticipated global launch of PRX-102. The F/F Agreement will expire December 31, 2025, unless terminated earlier in accordance with its terms and may be extended by mutual agreement in writing for an additional period of seven years. The Letter Agreement changed our obligations and those of Chiesi under the License Agreements with respect to, among other things, the evaluation, selection and establishment of an initial alternate source of commercial fill/finish services for PRX-102. In addition, the Letter Agreement amended certain provisions of the License Agreements to reflect the appointment of Chiesi as a supplier to our company of commercial fill/finish services and the potential establishment of an initial alternate source of commercial fill/finish services.

As of March 1, 2023, sponsorship of the two extension studies was transferred to Chiesi, and Chiesi is now administering the extension studies.

Commercialization Agreements for Elelyso

We have licensed to Pfizer the global rights to Elelyso in all markets excluding Brazil. Pfizer retains 100% of revenue and reimburses 100% of direct costs. We manufacture drug substance for Pfizer, subject to certain terms and conditions.

For the first 10-year period after the execution of the October 2015 Amended Pfizer Agreement, we have agreed to sell drug substance to Pfizer for the production of Elelyso, and Pfizer maintains the right to extend the supply period for up to two additional 30-month periods subject to certain terms and conditions. In a subsequent amendment, we agreed that after the completion of the first 10-year supply period, the supply term would automatically extend for a five-year period (i.e., until October 2030).

We maintain distribution rights to Elelyso in Brazil through a supply and technology transfer agreement with Fiocruz, an arm of the Brazilian MoH.

Product Development Pipeline

Our corporate strategy includes development of treatments for rare and orphan diseases. To execute on the strategy, we are turning our focus to new, early-stage product candidates that treat indications for which there are high unmet needs in terms of efficacy and safety, including renal diseases. Treatments of interest will address both genetic and non-genetic diseases. We intend to use our ProCellEx platform and PEGylization capabilities, as well as other modalities such as small molecules and antibodies, to take advantage of highly innovative opportunities. Our current pipeline of product candidates includes PEGylated uricase for the treatment of uncontrolled gout, Long Acting (LA) DNase I for the treatment of NETs and other technologies and preclinical assets.

PEGylated Uricase (PRX-115)

PRX-115 is our recombinant PEGylated uricase (urate oxidase) – a chemically modified enzyme under development for the potential treatment of patients with uncontrolled gout. The uricase enzyme converts uric acid to allantoin, which is easily eliminated through urine and does not exist naturally in humans. This recombinant enzyme, expressed via our ProCellEx system, is designed to lower uric acid levels and improve clinical manifestation of the disease while having low immunogenicity and increased half-life of the drug in the blood. Pre-clinical data demonstrates long half-life, reduced immunogenic risk and high specific activity which supports the potential of PRX-115 to be a safe and effective treatment for patients with gout. One-month multiple dosing toxicity studies in two species and 6-month multiple dosing toxicity study in one species were conducted to support single and multiple dose studies is humans.

PRX-115 is being analyzed for the potential treatment of uncontrolled gout in our phase I clinical trial of PRX-115 for the potential treatment of uncontrolled gout entitled “A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Single Ascending Dose Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics Properties of PRX-115 in Adult Volunteers With Elevated Uric Acid Levels” (NCT05745727), or the FIH Study. The first subject was dosed in the study on March 21, 2023. The study is being conducted at New

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Zealand Clinical Research (NZCR) under the New Zealand Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Authority (MedSafe) and the Health and Disability Ethics Committee (HDEC) guidelines. The study was initially designed to include sequential dosing cohorts, each composed of eight subjects (six active and two placebo), a 3:1 ratio. Subjects in each cohort, males and females aged 18 through 65, received a single dose of PRX-115 and are analyzed for safety, pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) (concentrations of plasma uric acid) for 85 days. As of March 31, 2024, 56 subjects with no previous exposure to PEGylated uricase have been enrolled in the study.

After a review of initial positive top-line results from the seven cohorts, and following the review and acceptance of the safety data from cohort 7 by the safety and monitoring committee for dose escalation for the FIH Study, the Company decided to expand the study by adding an eighth cohort of eight new subjects to analyze a higher dose and its potential to result in increased exposure time. In addition to the expansion of the FIH Study, the Company also decided to commence preparations for a phase II clinical trial of PRX-115.

Key preliminary results from the FIH Study are as follows:

Gout is the most common inflammatory arthritis, affecting an estimated 14.0 million adults in the United States, 2.0 million in France, 2.0 million in United Kingdom, 0.7 million in Italy, 1.5 million in Germany, 0.7 million in Spain and over 190.0 million in China. An estimated approximately 5% of the gout population is considered to have chronic refractory disease. The risk of gout increases with age, and it is thus more common in ageing populations. Gout results from sustained elevation of serum urate levels (hyperuricaemia). Urate levels may increase due to diet, genetic predisposition and environmental factors leading to the deposition of monosodium urate crystals and\or tophi in joints, tendons and other tissues, which triggers recurrent episodes of pronounced acute inflammation, known as gout flares. Gout leads to substantial morbidity, severe pain, reduced quality of life, decreased physical function, increased healthcare costs, and lost economic productivity. Furthermore, gout is strongly associated with a number of comorbidities, including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, renal impairment, diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidaemia and frequently in a combination known as the metabolic syndrome.

Uncontrolled gout occurs when oral gout therapies fail to lower serum uric acid (sUA) levels below the gout guideline goal of 6 mg/dL at the maximum medically appropriate dosage or when gout does not improve clinically with oral urate-lowering therapies (ULTs), and may involve systemic urate deposition. Uncontrolled gout is also reported to involve urate crystal deposition and associated inflammation in joints, soft tissues, and organs, such as the heart, kidneys, and eyes. Currently available ULTs can be effective in treating gout. However, low adherence, under dosing and disease progression that cause high patient burden require new, effective and safe therapies to treat these underserved uncontrolled gout patients.

To date, two variants of recombinant uricases are approved for marketing: (i) Krystexxa^® (pegloticase) for treatment of chronic gout refractory to conventional therapy (gout patients who have contraindication/failure of other lowering uric acid treatments) and (ii) Elitek^®, indicated for the treatment of tumor lysis syndrome but not gout. Both have a black box warning for anaphylaxis and other major side-effects. The FDA label of Krystexxa was amended in 2022 to include co-treatment of metrotrexate to prolong efficacy and increases tolerability in patients with refractory gout. Krystexxa is no longer marketed in the European Union. The EC withdrew the marketing authorization for Krystexxa in 2016 at the request of the marketing authorization holder which notified the EC of its decision not to market the product in the European Union for commercial reasons. We believe that new effective, safe therapies are needed to treat severe gout, chronic refractory and uncontrolled gout, regardless of treatment history.

PRX-119

PRX-119 is our plant cell-expressed PEGylated recombinant human DNase I product candidate being designed to elongate half-life in the circulation for NETs-related diseases. NETs, Neutrophil extracellular traps, are web-like structures, released by activated

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neutrophils that trap and kill a variety of microorganisms. NETs are composed of DNA, histones, antimicrobial and pro-inflammatory proteins. Excessive formation or ineffective clearance of NETs can cause different pathological effects. NETs formation has been observed in various autoimmune, inflammatory and fibrotic conditions, diverse forms of thrombosis, cancer and metastasis. According to scientific literature, animal studies have demonstrated that DNase treatment reduces NETs toxicity. Our proprietary modified DNase I design for long and customized systemically circulating in the bloodstream, may potentially enable effective treatment of these conditions.

The administration of PRX-119 resulted in a decrease in circulating of DNA levels and significantly enhanced the survival of mice in both a CLP-induced sepsis model and an ARDS model. Additional preclinical development is ongoing.

Intellectual Property

A key element of our overall strategy is to establish a broad portfolio of patents to protect our proprietary technology, proprietary product and product candidates and their methods of use. As of March 31, 2024, we hold a broad portfolio of more than 70 patents in Europe, the United States, Israel and additional countries worldwide, as well as more than 45 pending patent applications.

Research & Development

We continuously work on the further development of our ProCellEx plant cell expression technology and bioreactor system.

Consistent with our corporate strategy, we are focusing on new, early-stage product candidates that treat indications for which there are high unmet needs in terms of efficacy and safety, including renal diseases. Treatments of interest will address both genetic and non-genetic diseases. We intend to use our ProCellEx platform and PEGylization capabilities, as well as other modalities such as small molecules and antibodies, to take advantage of highly innovative opportunities. We are also exploring novel platform technologies.

Critical Accounting Policies

Our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements appearing in this Quarterly Report. There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies since we filed our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which we prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate such estimates and judgments, including those described in greater detail below. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Results of Operations

Three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023

Revenues from Selling Goods

We recorded revenues from selling goods of $3.7 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024, a decrease of $1.4 million, or 27%, compared to revenues of $5.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The decrease resulted primarily from a decrease of $1.1 million in sales to Pfizer, and of $0.3 million in sales to Brazil which decreases resulted primarily from the timing of delivery.

Revenues from License and R&D Services

We recorded revenues from license and R&D services of $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, a decrease of $4.4 million, or 98%, compared to revenues of $4.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Revenues from license and R&D services are comprised primarily of revenues we recognized in connection with the Chiesi Agreements. The decrease resulted primarily from the completion of our research and development obligations with respect to Elfabrio and, as Elfabrio was approved in

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the United States and the European Union in May 2023, from the completion of the regulatory processes related to the review of the BLA and the MAA for Elfabrio by the FDA and EMA, respectively.

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold was $2.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, a decrease of $0.5 million, or 16%, from cost of goods sold of $3.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The decrease in cost of goods sold was primarily the result of the decrease in sales to Pfizer and to Brazil.

Research and Development Expenses

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, our total research and development expenses were approximately $2.9 million comprised of approximately $0.5 million in subcontractor-related expenses, approximately $1.5 million of salary and related expenses, approximately $0.2 million of materials-related expenses and approximately $0.7 million of other expenses. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, our total research and development expenses were approximately $5.8 million comprised of approximately $3.5 million of subcontractor-related expenses, approximately $1.5 million of salary and related expenses, approximately $0.1 million of materials-related expenses and approximately $0.7 million of other expenses.

Total decrease in research and developments expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was $2.9 million, or 50%, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023. The decrease in research and development expenses primarily resulted from the completion of our Fabry clinical program and the regulatory processes related to the BLA and MAA review of Elfabrio by the applicable regulatory agencies.

We expect to continue to incur significant, increasing research and development expenses as we enter into a more advanced stage of preclinical and clinical trials for certain of our product candidates.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses were $3.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Financial Income, Net

Financial income, net were $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to financial expenses, net of $0.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The change resulted primarily from higher interest income on bank deposits and lower notes interest expenses due to notes conversions executed in 2023.

Income taxes

In the three months ended March 31, 2024, we recorded a tax benefit of approximately $(0.1) million, compared to income taxes of $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Income taxes recorded are primarily the result of the provision for current taxes in respect of Section 174 of the TCJA.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our sources of liquidity include our cash and cash equivalents balances and short term bank deposits. At March 31, 2024, we had $48.5 million in cash and cash equivalents and short term bank deposits. We have primarily financed our operations through equity and debt financings, business collaborations, grants funding and revenues from selling goods.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we raised gross proceeds equal to approximately $24.9 million from the sale of 12,560,150 shares of our common stock under our ATM program. All such sales were completed during the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023. No sales were completed during the quarters ended September 30, 2023, December 31, 2023 or March 31, 2024.

On August 25, 2021, we completed exchanges, or the Exchanges, with institutional note holders of a substantial majority of the then outstanding 7.50% Senior Secured Convertible Notes due 2021, or the 2021 Notes. The Exchanges involved the exchange of an aggregate of $54.65 million principal amount of 2021 Notes for an aggregate of $28.75 million principal amount of newly issued 2024 Notes, $25.90 million in cash and approximately $1.1 million in cash representing accrued and unpaid interest through the closing date. The initial conversion rate of the 2024 Notes is 563.2216 shares of our common stock per $1,000 principal amount of 2024 Notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $1.7755 per share of common stock, subject to adjustment

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in certain circumstances. This initial conversion price represents a premium of approximately 32.5% relative to the closing price of the common stock on the NYSE American on August 13, 2021. After giving effect to the Exchanges, $3.27 million aggregate principal amount of the 2021 Notes remained outstanding. On November 15, 2021, all of the then outstanding 2021 Notes matured and were paid in full.

The 2024 Notes were issued pursuant to the 2024 Indenture which was entered into between us, the guarantors party thereto, The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee and Wilmington Savings Fund Society, FSB, as collateral agent. Interest on the 2024 Notes are payable semi-annually at a rate of 7.50% per annum. The 2024 Notes will mature three years after the issuance thereof, unless earlier purchased, converted, exchanged or redeemed and will be guaranteed by our subsidiaries. The 2024 Notes are secured by perfected liens on all of our assets, including those of our subsidiaries.

We believe that our cash, cash equivalents and short term bank deposits as of March 31, 2024 are sufficient to satisfy our capital needs for at least 12 months from the date that these financial statements are issued.

Cash Flows

Net cash provided by operations was $4.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2024 of $4.6 million was increased by a $3.3 million increase in inventories, a $1.4 million decrease in accounts payable and accruals and was offset by an $11.0 million increase in contracts liability, a $1.7 million decrease in accounts receivable-trade and other assets and $1.0 million in share-based compensation. Net cash used in investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was $0.6 million and consisted primarily of the purchase of property and equipment.

Net cash used in operations was $3.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2023 of $3.1 million was increased by a $1.4 million decrease in contracts liability and a $3.5 million increase in inventories and was partially offset by a $3.8 million decrease in accounts receivable-trade and other assets and $0.5 million in share-based compensation. Net cash provided by investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $4.7 million and consisted primarily of proceeds from sale of short-term deposits. Net cash provided by financing activities was $14.2 million resulting primarily from the sale of common stock under our ATM program.

As of March 31, 2024, the total principal amount of our 2024 Notes outstanding was $20.42 million, and 2020 Warrants to purchase 13,439,712 shares were outstanding.

Future Funding Requirements

Since our inception, we have incurred significant research and development expenditures which have not been offset by revenues. We have not generated significant revenues from sales of Elelyso, and commercial sales of Elfabrio only commenced in the middle of 2023. We have generated operating losses from our continuing operations since our inception although the revenues generated in the year ended December 31, 2023 exceeded our expenditures for the same period.

Under the terms of the 2024 Indenture, we are required to comply with certain covenants, including the requirement to maintain a minimum cash balance of at least $7.5 million. Failure to comply with such covenants may result in an event of default under the 2024 Indenture and, accordingly, may result in the acceleration of the payment of the notes or in additional interest payments. As of March 31, 2024, we were in compliance with all covenants.

As we increase our research and developments efforts with respect to our current and future product candidates, we expect to continue to incur significant expenditures. We cannot anticipate the costs or the timing of the occurrence of such costs. Although we expect the revenues generated from the sales of Elfabrio and Elelyso will increase, such revenues may not be sufficient to fund the expenditures. To the extent we need to obtain additional financing in excess of such anticipated revenues, it may be difficult for us to do so given the volatility of the price of our common stock. Our material cash needs for the next 24 months will include, among other expenses, (i) costs of preclinical and clinical trials, (ii) employee salaries, (iii) payments for rent and operation of our manufacturing facilities, (iv) fees to our consultants and legal advisors, patent advisors and fees for service providers in connection with our research and development efforts, (v) payments of principal and interest on our outstanding 2024 Notes and (vi) tax payments. We believe that the funds currently available to us are sufficient to satisfy our capital needs for at least 12 months.

As discussed above, we may be required to raise additional capital to develop our product candidates and continue research and development activities. Our ability to raise capital, and the amounts of necessary capital, will depend on many other factors, including:

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We expect to finance our future cash needs through sales of Elfabrio and Elelyso, corporate collaborations, licensing or similar arrangements, public or private equity offerings and/or debt financings. We currently do not have any commitments for future external funding, except with respect to the milestone payments that may become payable under the Chiesi Agreements. On February 27, 2023, we entered into the 2023 Sales Agreement pursuant to which we may sell from time to time through the Agent ATM Shares having an aggregate offering price of up to $20.0 million as we had then completed the ATM program under the 2021 Sales Agreement. As of March 31, 2024, shares of our common stock for total gross proceeds of approximately $6.4 million remain available to be sold under the 2023 Sales Agreement.

Effects of Currency Fluctuations

Currency fluctuations could affect us through increased or decreased acquisition costs for certain goods and services and salaries expenses. We do not believe currency fluctuations have had a material effect on our results of operations during the three and nine months ended of March 31, 2024.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements as of each of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Currency Exchange Risk

The currency of the primary economic environment in which our operations are conducted is the U.S. dollar. Most of our revenues and more than 50% of our expenses and capital expenditures are and were incurred in dollars, and a significant source of our financing has been provided in U.S. dollars. Since the dollar is the functional currency, monetary items maintained in currencies other than the dollar are remeasured using the rate of exchange in effect at the balance sheet dates and non-monetary items are remeasured at historical exchange rates. Revenue and expense items are remeasured at the average rate of exchange in effect during the period in which they occur. Foreign currency translation gains or losses are recognized in the statement of operations.

Approximately 44% of our costs, including salaries, expenses and office expenses, are incurred in NIS. Inflation in Israel may have the effect of increasing the U.S. dollar cost of our operations in Israel. If the U.S. dollar declines in value in relation to the NIS, it will become more expensive for us to fund our operations in Israel. A revaluation of 1% of the NIS will affect our loss before tax by less than 1%. The exchange rate of the U.S. dollar to the NIS, based on exchange rates published by the Bank of Israel, was as follows:

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To date, we have not engaged in hedging transactions. In the future, we may enter into currency hedging transactions to decrease the risk of financial exposure from fluctuations in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar against the NIS. These measures, however, may not adequately protect us from material adverse effects due to the impact of inflation in Israel.

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The evaluation was conducted under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and procedures designed to reasonably assure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Exchange Act, such as this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Commission’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures are also designed to reasonably assure that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Based on the evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the Commission, and that material information relating to our company and our consolidated subsidiary is made known to management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, particularly during the period when our periodic reports are being prepared.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. The design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Further, because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within a company have been detected.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15f and 15d-15f under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or that are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

We are not involved in any material legal proceedings.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Except as set forth below, there have been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosure

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

During the quarter ended March 31, 2024, none of our directors or officers adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as such terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K).

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Item 6. Exhibits

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