dk-20231231

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-K

(Mark One)

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ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 18 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Fiscal Year Ended

December 31, 2023

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TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 001-38142

DELEK US HOLDINGS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware

35-2581557

(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

310 Seven Springs Way, Suite 500

Brentwood

Tennessee

37027

(Address of principal executive offices)

(Zip Code)

(615) 771-6701

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Not applicable

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading Symbol

Name of each exchange on which registered

Common Stock, par value $0.01

New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

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Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 4262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

The aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2023 was approximately $1,542,152,000, based upon the closing sale price of the registrant's common stock on the New York Stock Exchange on that date. For purposes of this calculation only, all directors and officers subject to Section 16(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 are deemed to be affiliates.

At February 21, 2024, there were 64,019,267 shares of the registrant's common stock, $.01 par value, outstanding (excluding securities held by, or for the account of, the Company or its subsidiaries).

Documents incorporated by reference

Portions of the registrant's definitive Proxy Statement to be delivered to stockholders in connection with the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2023, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Table of Contents

Delek US Holdings, Inc.

Annual Report on Form 10-K

For the Annual Period Ending December 31, 2023



PART I
Items 1 & 2. Business and Properties						9
Item 1A. Risk Factors						30
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments						55
Item 1C. Cybersecurity						55
Item 3. Legal Proceedings						56
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures						57

PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities						57
Item 6. Reserved						58
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations						59
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk						94
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data						95
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure						95
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures						96
Item 9B. Other Information						96
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections						96

PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance						97
Item 11. Executive Compensation						97
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters						97
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence						97
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services						98

PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules						99
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary						104
Signatures						105


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PART I

Delek US Holdings, Inc. is a registrant pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933 and is listed on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") under the ticker symbol "DK." Effective July 1, 2017, we acquired the outstanding common stock of Alon USA Energy, Inc. ("Alon") (the "Delek/Alon Merger"), resulting in a new post-combination consolidated registrant renamed as Delek US Holdings, Inc.

Unless otherwise noted or the context requires otherwise, the terms "we," "our," "us," "Delek" and the "Company" are used in this report to refer to Delek US Holdings, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries for all periods presented. Our business consists of three operating segments: refining, logistics and retail.

As of December 31, 2023, we owned a 78.7% limited partner interest as well as a non-economic general partner interest in Delek Logistics Partners, LP ("Delek Logistics", NYSE:DKL), a publicly-traded master limited partnership that we formed in April 2012.

Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, other than purely historical information, including statements regarding our plans, strategies, objectives, beliefs, expectations and intentions are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements that refer to the acquisition of 3 Bear Delaware Holding – NM, LLC (“3 Bear”) (subsequently renamed to Delek Delaware Gathering ("Delaware Gathering")) (the "Delaware Gathering Acquisition"), including any statements regarding the expected benefits, synergies, growth opportunities, impact on liquidity and prospects, and other financial and operating benefits thereof, the information concerning possible future results of operations, business and growth strategies, including as the same may be impacted by any ongoing military conflict, such as the war between Russia and Ukraine ("the Russia-Ukraine War"), financing plans, expectations that regulatory developments or other matters will or will not have a material adverse effect on our business or financial condition, our competitive position and the effects of competition, the projected growth of the industry in which we operate, and the benefits and synergies to be obtained from our completed and any future acquisitions, statements of management’s goals and objectives, and other similar expressions concerning matters that are not historical facts. Words such as "may," "will," "should," "could," "would," "predicts," "potential," "continue," "expects," "anticipates," "future," "intends," "plans," "believes," "estimates," "appears," "projects" and similar expressions, as well as statements in future tense, identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and assumptions that are subject to risks and uncertainties, including those discussed below and in Item 1A. Risk Factors, which may cause actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements. See also "Forward-Looking Statements" included in Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

See the “Glossary of Terms” beginning on page 4 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for definitions of certain business and industry terms used herein.

Available Information

Our Internet website address is www.DelekUS.com and X (previously known as Twitter) account is @DelekUSHoldings. Information contained on our website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our reports, proxy and information statements, and any amendments to such documents are filed electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and are available on our Internet website in the “Investor Relations” section (ir.delekus.com), free of charge, as soon as reasonably practicable after we file or furnish such material to the SEC. We also post our Governance Guidelines, Code of Business Conduct & Ethics and the charters of our Board of Directors’ committees in the “Corporate Governance” section of our website, accessible by navigating to the “About Us” section on our Internet website. We will provide any of these documents to any stockholder that makes a written request to the Corporate Secretary, Delek US Holdings, Inc., 310 Seven Springs Way, Suite 500, Brentwood, Tennessee 37027.


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Glossary of Terms

The following are definitions of certain industry terms used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K:

Alkylation Unit - A refinery unit utilizing an acid catalyst to combine smaller hydrocarbon molecules to form larger molecules in the gasoline boiling range to produce a high octane gasoline blendstock, which is referred to as alkylate.

Barrel - A unit of volumetric measurement equivalent to 42 U.S. gallons.

Biodiesel - A renewable fuel produced from vegetable oils or animal fats that can be blended with petroleum-derived diesel to produce biodiesel blends for use in diesel engines. Pure biodiesel is referred to as B100, whereas blends of biodiesel are referenced by how much biodiesel is in the blend (e.g., a B5 blend contains five volume percent biodiesel and 95 volume percent ULSD).

Blendstocks - Various products or intermediate streams that are combined with other components of similar type and distillation range to produce finished gasoline, diesel fuel or other refined products. Blendstocks may include natural gasoline, hydrotreated Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit gasoline, alkylate, ethanol, reformate, butane, diesel, biodiesel, kerosene, light cycle oil or slurry, among others.

Bpd/bpd - Barrels per calendar day.

Brent Crude (Brent) - A light, sweet crude oil, though not as light as WTI. Brent is the leading global price benchmark for Atlantic basin crude oil.

CBOB - Motor gasoline blending components intended for blending with oxygenates, such as ethanol, to produce finished conventional motor gasoline.

CERCLA - Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act.

Colonial Pipeline - A pipeline owned and operated by the Colonial Pipeline Company that originates near Houston, Texas and terminates near New York, New York, connecting the U.S. refinery region of the Gulf Coast with customers throughout the southern and eastern United States.

Complexity Index - A measure of secondary conversion capacity of a refinery relative to its primary distillation capacity used to quantify and rank the complexity of various refineries. Generally, more complex refineries have a higher index number.

Crack spread - The crack spread is a measure of the difference between market prices for crude oil and refined products and is commonly used proxy within the industry to estimate or identify trends in refining margins.

Cushing - Cushing, Oklahoma.

Delayed Coking Unit (Coker) - A refinery unit that processes ("cracks") heavy oils, such as the bottom cuts of crude oil from the crude or vacuum units, to produce blendstocks for light transportation fuels or feedstocks for other units and petroleum coke.

Direct operating expenses - Operating expenses attributed to the respective segment.

EISA - Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007.

Enterprise Pipeline System - A major product pipeline transport system that reaches from the Gulf Coast into the northeastern United States.

EPA - The Environmental Protection Agency.

ESG - Environmental, Social, and Corporate Governance is an evaluation of an entity's collective conscientiousness for social and environmental factors.

Ethanol - An oxygenated blendstock that is blended with sub-grade (CBOB) or conventional gasoline to produce a finished gasoline.

E-10 - A 90% gasoline-10% ethanol blend.

E-15 - An 85% gasoline-15% ethanol blend.

E-85 - A blend of gasoline and 70%-85% ethanol.

Feedstocks - Crude oil and petroleum products used as inputs in refining processes.

FERC - The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.

FIFO - First-in, first-out inventory accounting method.

Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit or FCC Unit - A refinery unit that uses fluidized catalyst at high temperatures to crack large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller, higher-valued molecules (LPG, gasoline, LCO, etc.).

Gulf Coast 2-1-1 crack spread - A crack spread, expressed in dollars per barrel, reflecting the approximate gross margin resulting from processing, or "cracking", one barrel of crude oil into one-half barrel of gasoline and one-half barrel of high sulfur diesel, utilizing the market prices of LLS crude oil, Gulf Coast Pipeline conventional gasoline and Gulf Coast Pipeline No. 2 Heating Oil.


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Glossary of Terms

Gulf Coast 3-2-1 crack spread - A crack spread, expressed in dollars per barrel, reflecting the approximate gross margin resulting from processing, or "cracking", one barrel of crude oil into two-thirds barrel of gasoline and one-third barrel of ultra-low sulfur diesel, utilizing the market prices of WTI crude oil, Gulf Coast Pipeline conventional gasoline and Gulf Coast Pipeline ultra-low sulfur diesel.

Gulf Coast 5-3-2 crack spread - A crack spread, expressed in dollars per barrel, reflecting the approximate gross margin resulting from processing, or "cracking", one barrel of crude oil into three-fifths barrel of gasoline and two-fifths barrel of high sulfur diesel, utilizing the market prices of WTI crude oil, Gulf Coast Pipeline CBOB and Gulf Coast Pipeline No. 2 Heating Oil.

Gulf Coast Pipeline CBOB - A grade of gasoline blendstock that must be blended with 10% biofuels in order to be marketed as Regular Unleaded at retail locations.

Gulf Coast Pipeline No. 2 Heating Oil - A petroleum distillate that can be used as either a diesel fuel or a fuel oil. This is the standard by which other Gulf Coast distillate products (such as ultra-low sulfur diesel) are priced.

Gulf Coast Region - Commonly referred to as PADD III, includes the states of Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and New Mexico.

HLS - Heavy Louisiana Sweet crude oil; typical API gravity of 33° and sulfur content of 0.35%.

HSD - High sulfur diesel, No. 2 diesel fuel that has a sulfur level above 500 ppm.

Jobbers - Retail stations owned by third parties that sell products purchased from or through us.

Light/Medium/Heavy Crude Oil - Terms used to describe the relative densities of crude oil, normally represented by their API gravities. Light crude oils (those having relatively high API gravities) may be refined into a greater number of valuable products and are typically more expensive than a heavier crude oil.

LLS - Louisiana Light Sweet crude oil; typical API gravity of 38° and sulfur content of 0.34%.

LPG - Liquefied petroleum gas.

Mid-Continent Region - Commonly referred to as PADD II, includes the states of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky and Tennessee.

Midland - Midland, Texas.

MBbl/d -Thousand barrels per day

MMBTU - One Million British Thermal Units.

MSCF/d - Abbreviation for a thousand standard cubic feet per day, a common measure for volume of natural gas.

MMcf/d - Abbreviation for a million cubic feet per day common measure for volume of natural gas.

Naphtha - A hydrocarbon fraction that is used as a gasoline blending component, a feedstock for reforming and as a petrochemical feedstock.

NGL - Natural gas liquids.

OSHA - The Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD) - Any of five regions in the United States as set forth by the Department of Energy and used throughout the oil industry for geographic reference. Our refineries operate in PADD III, commonly referred to as the Gulf Coast Region.

Petroleum Coke - A coal-like substance produced as a byproduct during the Delayed Coking refining process.

Per barrel of sales - Calculated by dividing the applicable income statement line item (operating margin or operating expenses) by the total barrels sold during the period.

PPB - Parts per billion.

PPM - Parts per million.

RCRA - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.

Refining margin, refined product margin - Refining margin or refined product margin is measured as the difference between net refining revenues and total refining cost of materials and other and is used as a metric to assess a refinery's product margins against market crack spread trends.

Renewable Fuels Standard 2 (RFS-2) - An EPA regulation promulgated pursuant to the EISA, which requires most refineries to blend increasing amounts of renewable fuels (including biodiesel and ethanol) with refined products.


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Glossary of Terms

Renewable Identification Number (RIN) - A renewable fuel credit used to satisfy requirements for blending renewable fuels under RFS-2.

Roofing flux - An asphalt-like product used to make roofing shingles for the housing industry.

Straight run - Product produced off of the crude or vacuum unit and not further processed.

Sweet/Sour crude oil - Terms used to describe the relative sulfur content of crude oil. Sweet crude oil is relatively low in sulfur content; sour crude oil is relatively high in sulfur content. Sweet crude oil requires less processing to remove sulfur and is typically more expensive than sour crude oil.

Throughput - The quantity of crude oil and feedstocks processed through a refinery or a refinery unit.

Turnaround - A periodic shutdown of refinery process units to perform routine maintenance to restore the operation of the equipment to its former level of performance. Turnaround activities normally include cleaning, inspection, refurbishment, and repair and replacement of equipment and piping. It is also common to use turnaround periods to change catalysts or to implement capital project improvements.

Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) - Diesel fuel produced with a lower sulfur content (15 ppm) to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions. ULSD is the only diesel fuel that may be used for on-road and most other applications in the U.S.

Vacuum Distillation Unit - A refinery unit that distills heavy crude oils under deep vacuum to allow their separation without coking.

West Texas Intermediate Crude Oil (WTI) - A light, sweet crude oil characterized by an API gravity between 38° and 44° and a sulfur content of less than 0.4 wt% that is used as a benchmark for other crude oil.

West Texas Sour Crude Oil (WTS) - A sour crude oil, characterized by an API gravity between 30° and 33° and a sulfur content of approximately 1.28 wt% that is used as a benchmark for other sour crude.


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Summary of Risk Factors

An investment in us involves a high degree of risk. Numerous factors, including those discussed below in Item 1A. Risk Factors, may limit our ability to successfully execute our business and growth strategies. You should carefully consider all of the information set forth and incorporated by reference in this Annual Report in deciding whether to invest in the Company. Among these important risks are the following:

•Developments which impact the global oil markets have had, may continue to have, or may have an adverse impact on our business, our future results of operations and our overall financial performance.

•A regional or global disease outbreak could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operation and liquidity.

•A substantial or extended decline in refining margins would reduce our operating results and cash flows and could materially and adversely impact our future rate of growth and the carrying value of our assets.

•We operate in a highly regulated industry and increased costs of compliance with, or liability for violation of, existing or future laws, regulations and other requirements could significantly increase our costs of doing business, thereby adversely affecting our profitability.

•The availability and cost of RINs and other required credits could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

•Increased supply of and demand for alternative transportation fuels, increased fuel economy standards and increased use of alternative means of transportation could lead to a decrease in transportation fuel prices and/or a reduction in demand for petroleum-based transportation fuels.

•Competition in the refining and logistics industry is intense, and an increase in competition in the markets in which we sell our products could adversely affect our earnings and profitability.

•Our retail segment is subject to loss of market share or pressure to reduce prices in order to compete effectively with a changing group of competitors in a fragmented retail industry.

•We may seek to diversify and expand our retail fuel and convenience store operations, which may present operational and competitive challenges.

•Decreases in commodity prices may lessen our borrowing capacities, increase collateral requirements for derivative instruments or cause a write-down of inventory.

•Acts of terror or sabotage, threats of war, armed conflict, or war may have an adverse impact on our business, our future results of operations and our overall financial performance.

•Legislative and regulatory measures to address climate change and greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions could increase our operating costs or decrease demand for our refined products.

•Increasing attention to environmental, social and governance matters may impact our business, financial results, cost of capital, or stock price.

•We are particularly vulnerable to disruptions to our refining operations because our refining operations are concentrated in four facilities.

•The physical effects of climate change and severe weather present risks to our operations.

•Our operations are subject to business interruptions and casualty losses. Failure to manage risks associated with business interruptions and casualty losses could adversely impact our operations, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

•There are certain environmental hazards and risks inherent in our operations that could adversely affect those operations and our financial results.

•The costs, scope, timelines and benefits of our refining projects may deviate significantly from our original plans and estimates.

•We depend upon our logistics segment for a substantial portion of the crude oil supply and refined product distribution networks that serve our Tyler, Texas, Big Spring, Texas, and El Dorado, Arkansas refineries.

•Interruptions or limitations in the supply and delivery of crude oil, or the supply and distribution of refined products, may negatively affect our refining operations and inhibit the growth of our refining operations.

•We are subject to risks associated with significant investments in the Permian Basin.

•We have made investments in joint ventures which subject us to additional risks, over which we do not have full control and which have unique risks.

•Our retail segment is dependent on fuel sales, which makes us susceptible to increases in the cost of gasoline and interruptions in fuel supply.

•General economic conditions may adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

•We may be adversely affected by the effects of inflation.

•Disruption of our supply chain could adversely impact our ability to refine, manufacture, transport and sell our products.

•Our business could be adversely impacted as a result of our failure to retain or attract key talent.

•We have capital needs to finance our crude oil and refined products inventory for which our internally generated cash flows or other sources of liquidity may not be adequate.

•If there is negative publicity concerning our brand names or the brand names of our suppliers, fuel and merchandise sales in our retail segment may suffer.

•Wholesale cost increases, vendor pricing programs and tax increases applicable to tobacco products, as well as campaigns to discourage their use, could adversely impact our results of operations in our retail segment.

•Our insurance policies historically do not cover all losses, costs or liabilities that we may experience, and insurance companies that currently insure companies in the energy industry may cease to do so or substantially increase premiums.

•Our ongoing study of strategic options to unlock and enhance stockholder value pose additional risks to our business.


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Summary of Risk Factors

•We may not be able to successfully execute our strategy of growth through acquisitions.

•Acquisitions involve risks that could cause our actual growth or operating results to differ adversely compared with our expectations.

•Our future results will suffer if we do not effectively manage our expanded operations.

•We may incur significant costs and liabilities with respect to investigation and remediation of environmental conditions at our facilities.

•We could incur substantial costs or disruptions in our business if we cannot obtain or maintain necessary permits and authorizations or otherwise comply with health, safety, environmental and other laws and regulations.

•Our Tyler refinery currently primarily distributes refined petroleum products via truck or rail. We do not have the ability to distribute these products into markets outside our local market via pipeline.

•An increase in competition, and/or reduction in demand in the markets in which we purchase feedstocks and sell our refined products, could increase our costs and/or lower prices and adversely affect our sales and profitability.

•Compliance with and changes in tax laws could adversely affect our performance.

•Adverse weather conditions or other unforeseen developments could damage our facilities, reduce customer traffic and impair our ability to produce and deliver refined petroleum products or receive supplies for our retail fuel and convenience stores.

•Our operating results are seasonal and generally lower in the first and fourth quarters of the year for our refining and logistics segments and in the first quarter of the year for our retail segment. We depend on favorable weather conditions in the spring and summer months.

•A substantial portion of the workforce at our refineries is unionized, and we may face labor disruptions that would interfere with our operations.

•We rely on information technology in our operations, and any material failure, inadequacy, interruption, cyber-attack or security failure of that technology could harm our business.

•If we lose any of our key personnel, our ability to manage our business and continue our growth could be negatively impacted.

•If we are, or become, a United States ("U.S.") real property holding corporation, special tax rules may apply to a sale, exchange or other disposition of common stock, and non-U.S. holders may be less inclined to invest in our stock, as they may be subject to U.S. federal income tax in certain situations.

•Loss of or reductions to tax incentives for biodiesel production may have a material adverse effect on earnings, profitability and cash flows relating to our renewable fuels facilities.

•Our business requires us to make significant capital expenditures and to maintain and improve our refineries, logistics assets, and retail locations.

•Our business is subject to complex and evolving laws, regulations and security standards regarding privacy, cybersecurity and data protection. Many of these data protection laws are subject to change and uncertain interpretation, and could result in claims, changes to our business practices, monetary penalties, increased cost of operations or other harm to our business.

•If our cost efficiency measures are not successful, we may become less competitive

•The price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

•Stockholder activism may negatively impact the price of our common stock.

•Future sales of shares of our common stock could depress the price of our common stock, and could result in substantial dilution to our stockholders.

•We depend upon our subsidiaries for cash to meet our obligations and pay any dividends.

•We may be unable to pay future regular dividends in the anticipated amounts and frequency set forth herein.

•Provisions of Delaware law and our organizational documents may discourage takeovers and business combinations that our stockholders may consider in their best interests, which could negatively affect our stock price.

•Changes in our credit profile could affect our relationships with our suppliers, which could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and our ability to operate our refineries at full capacity.

•Our commodity and interest rate derivative activity may limit potential gains, increase potential losses, result in earnings volatility and involve other risks.

•We are exposed to certain counterparty risks which may adversely impact our results of operations.

•From time to time, our cash and credit needs may exceed our internally generated cash flow and available credit, and our business could be materially and adversely affected if we are not able to obtain the necessary cash or credit from financing sources.

•Our debt levels may limit our flexibility in obtaining additional financing and in pursuing other business opportunities.

•Our debt agreements contain operating and financial restrictions that might constrain our business and financing activities.

•Fluctuations in interest rates could materially affect our financial results.

•We may refinance a significant amount of indebtedness and otherwise require additional financing; we cannot guarantee that we will be able to obtain the necessary funds on favorable terms or at all.

•We recorded goodwill and other intangible assets that could become impaired and result in material non-cash charges to our results of operations in the future.

•An impairment of our long-lived assets or goodwill could negatively impact our results of operations and financial condition.


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Business and Properties

PART I

ITEMS 1 and 2. BUSINESS and PROPERTIES

Company Overview

We are an integrated downstream energy business focused on petroleum refining ("Refining" or our "refining segment"), the transportation, storage and wholesale distribution of crude oil, intermediate and refined products ("Logistics" or our "logistics segment") and convenience store retailing ("Retail" or our "retail segment"). Delek US Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation formed in 2016 (a successor to the original Delek US Holdings, Inc. which was a Delaware corporation originally formed in 2001), operates through its consolidated subsidiaries, which include Delek US Energy, Inc. (and its subsidiaries) ("Delek Energy") and Alon (and its subsidiaries).

The following map outlines the geography of our integrated downstream energy structure as of December 31, 2023:

Refining

Logistics

Retail

302,000 bpd total capacity:

9 light product distribution terminals

250 stores as of December 31, 2023

Tyler, TX

Approximately 2,204 miles of pipeline (1)

Southwest U.S. locations

El Dorado, AR

Approximately 10.0 million barrels of active shell capacity

Primary source of fuel is Big Spring, TX refinery

Big Spring, TX

Approximately 200 MBbl/d of water disposal capacity

Krotz Springs, LA

Approximately 88 MMcf/d of gas processing capacity

WTI primary crude oil supply - 228,000 bpd

Crude oil pipeline joint ventures:

Biodiesel facilities with 40 million gallons total

Red River Pipeline Company LLC

annual capacity:

Caddo Pipeline LLC

Crossett, AR

Andeavor Logistics RIO Pipeline LLC

Cleburne, TX

West Texas wholesale:

New Albany, MS

Sale of refined products through terminals

(1) Includes approximately 240 miles of leased capacity and 489 miles of gathering system pipeline which is decommissioned.


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Business and Properties

Our Vision

It is vitally important that our strategic objectives, especially in view of the evolutionary direction of our macroeconomic and geopolitical environment, involves a process of continuous evaluation of our business model in terms of cost structure, as well as long-term economic and operational sustainability. We are operating in a mature industry (the production, logistics and marketing of hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon-based refined products), with increasingly difficult operational and regulatory challenges and, likewise, pressure on operating costs/gross margins as well as the availability and cost of capital. More consolidation in our industry is expected from increased cost pressures due in part to the regulatory environment continuing to move towards reducing carbon emissions and transitioning to renewable energy in the long-term, however, we believe we are uniquely positioned as a leader of operating and excelling in niche markets and could continue capitalizing on and growing our integrated business model. In order to compete under historic environmental and regulatory changes, companies in our industry will need to be adaptive, forward-thinking and strategic in their approach to long-term sustainability.

The emphasis on environmental responsibility and long-term economic and environmental sustainability has increased. Demand for additional transparency continues to evolve. As we evaluate our current sustainability and ESG positioning in the market, we also must integrate a broader sustainability view to all of our activities, both operational and strategic. We have developed overarching key objectives that guide us when we formulate our strategic plans.

Key Objectives

Certain fundamental principles are foundational to our long-term strategy and direct us as we develop our strategic objectives. With that in mind, we have identified the following overarching key objectives:

I. Operational Excellence

II. Financial Strength and Flexibility

III. Strategic Initiatives

See further discussion in the 'Executive Summary: Strategic Objectives' Section of Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Evolving Strategic View

Historically, we have grown through acquisitions in all of our segments. Our business strategy has been focused on capitalizing on and growing our integrated business model in ways that allow us to participate in all phases of the downstream production process, from transporting crude oil to our refineries for processing into refined products to selling fuel to retail customers at the pump. This growth has come from acquisitions or new investments, as well as investments in our existing businesses, as we continue to broaden our existing geographic presence and integrated business model. Our strategy has also included (and continues to include) evaluating certain under-performing and non-core business lines and assets and divesting of those when doing so helps us achieve our strategic objectives.

In connection with the development of our Key Objectives, we have expanded the scope of our growth and business development strategy to one that is also focused on operational, economic and environmental sustainability, including increased emphasis on sustainable carbon efficiency. As an initial foundational change, this expanded scope includes the implementation of an enhanced screening process for proposed future growth projects to incorporate key considerations regarding their environmental and social impact, including quantitative and qualitative data corresponding to several sustainability criteria, such as GHG emissions, carbon intensity, water usage, electricity usage, waste generation, biodiversity impact, and impact on indigenous peoples, among other environmental conscious considerations. This type of data provides management with a more thorough understanding of a project’s potential environmental and social impacts to better make investment decisions that are aligned with our long-term sustainability view. As we move into the future and begin to execute on new growth transactions under the sustainability framework, this data will enable us not only to more closely track the impact we have on both the communities in which we operate and the environment at large, but also to realize the exponential impact of sustainable growth on the long-term value to our stakeholders.


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Business and Properties

Here are some of our most significant transactions in recent years, all of which continue to have a lasting and important impact on our strategic positioning and long-term value proposition:

Date

Acquired Company/Assets

Acquired From

Approximate Purchase Price(1)

July 2017

Purchased the remaining approximately 53% ownership in Alon that Delek did not already own, in an all-stock transaction, resulting in the addition of the Krotz Springs refinery and the majority ownership in the Big Spring refinery, as well as the addition of our retail segment.

Shareholders of Alon USA Energy, Inc.

$530.7 million

February 2018

Purchased the remaining 18.4% ownership in the Alon USA Partners, LP, in an all-equity transaction, representing the remaining interest in the Big Spring refinery operations, which has become one of our best-performing refineries.

LP unitholders of Alon USA Partners, LP

$184.7 million

May 2019

Acquired a 33% membership interest in Red River Pipeline Joint Venture, which continues to be highly accretive to our Logistics segment and one of the principle drivers of our joint venture investment growth.

Plains Pipeline, L.P.

$124.7 million

July 2019

Acquired a 15% membership interest in Wink to Webster Pipeline ("WWP") Joint Venture (which was subsequently converted to an indirect interest via the formation of and contribution to the WWP Project Financing Joint Venture); the WWP JV ramped up operations in 2022 with the completion of long-haul pipeline segments and brings committed volumes that are expected to position the JV for appreciable returns.

Wink to Webster Pipeline LLC

$76.3 million

June 2022

Acquired 100% of the limited liability company interests in 3 Bear from 3 Bear Energy – New Mexico LLC, related to their crude oil and natural gas gathering, processing and transportation businesses, as well as water disposal and recycling operations, located in the Delaware Basin of New Mexico, which enhanced our third party revenues, further diversified of our customer and product mix and, expanded our footprint into the Delaware basin.

3 Bear Energy – New Mexico LLC

$628.3 million

(1)Includes amounts paid through the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The WWP Project Financing Joint Venture "purchase price" includes our total capital invested to date, which reflects the required capital calls to date under our indirect 15% WWP Joint Venture interest totaling $336.4 million, the majority of which have been financed within the WWP Project Financing Joint Venture. See further discussion in the Notes to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

See further discussion regarding our specific 'Strategic Overview' in the 'Executive Summary' section as well as relevant discussion in our 'Liquidity and Capital Resources' section located in Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Additionally, see further discussion in Note 3 and Note 6, respectively, of our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Information About Our Segments

Delek operates in three reportable operating segments: the refining segment, the logistics segment and the retail segment, which are discussed below. Additional segment and financial information is contained in our segment results included in Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and in Note 4, Segment Data, of our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.


Refining Segment

Overview

We own and operate four independent refineries located in Tyler, Texas (the "Tyler refinery"), El Dorado, Arkansas (the "El Dorado refinery"), Big Spring, Texas (the "Big Spring refinery") and Krotz Springs, Louisiana (the "Krotz Spring refinery"), currently representing a combined 302,000 bpd of crude throughput capacity. Our refining system produces a variety of petroleum-based products used in transportation and industrial markets, which are sold to a wide range of customers located principally in inland, domestic markets and which comply with current EPA clean fuels standards. All four of these refineries are located in the Gulf Coast Region (PADD III), which is one of the five PADD regional zones established by the U.S. Department of Energy where refined products are produced and sold. Refined product prices generally differ among each of the five PADDs.

Our refining segment also includes three biodiesel facilities we own and operate that are engaged in the production of biodiesel fuels and related activities, located in Crossett, Arkansas, Cleburne, Texas and New Albany, Mississippi. Our biodiesel facilities have 40 million gallons of annual capacity. In addition, the refining segment also includes our wholesale crude operations.

Refining System Feedstock Purchases

We purchase more crude oil than our refineries process, generally through a combination of long-term acreage dedication agreements and short-term crude oil purchase agreements. This provides us with the opportunity to optimize the supply cost to the refineries while also maximizing the value of the volumes purchased directly from oil producers. The majority of the crude oil we purchase is sourced from inland domestic sources, primarily in areas of Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana, although we can also purchase crude delivered via rail from other regions, including Oklahoma and Canada. Existing agreements with third-party pipelines and Delek Logistics allow us to deliver approximately 200,000 bpd of crude oil from West Texas (principally Midland) directly to our refineries. Typically, approximately 228,000 bpd of the crude oil we deliver to our four operating refineries is priced as a differential to the price of WTI crude oil. In most cases, the differential is established in the month prior to the month in which the crude oil is delivered to the refineries for processing.


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Business and Properties

Refining System Production Slate

Our refining system processes a combination of light sweet and medium sour crude oil, which, when refined, results in a product mix consisting principally of higher-value transportation fuels such as gasoline, distillate and jet fuel. A lesser portion of our overall production consists of residual products, including paving asphalt, roofing flux and other products with industrial applications.

Refined Product Sales and Distribution

Our refineries sell products on a wholesale and branded basis to inter-company and third-party customers located in Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona, Arkansas, Tennessee and the Ohio River Valley, including Gulf Coast markets and areas along the Enterprise Pipeline System and the Colonial Pipeline System, through terminals and exchanges.

Refining Segment Seasonality

Demand for gasoline and asphalt products is generally higher during the summer months than during the winter months due to seasonal increases in motor vehicle traffic and road and home construction. Varying vapor pressure requirements between the summer and winter months also tighten summer gasoline supply. As a result, the operating results of our refining segment are generally lower for the first and fourth quarters of the calendar year.

Refining Segment Competition

The refining industry is highly competitive and includes fully integrated national and multinational oil companies engaged in many segments of the petroleum business, including exploration, production, transportation, refining, marketing and retail fuel and convenience stores, along with independent refiners. Our principal competitors are petroleum refiners in the Mid-Continent and Gulf Coast Regions, in addition to wholesale distributors operating in these markets.

The principal competitive factors affecting our refinery operations are crude oil and other feedstock costs, the differential in price between various grades of crude oil, refinery product margins, refinery reliability and efficiency, refinery product mix, and distribution and transportation costs.


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Business and Properties


Tyler Refinery

Our Tyler refinery has a nameplate crude throughput capacity of 75,000 bpd, and is designed to process mainly light, sweet crude oil, which is typically a higher quality of crude than heavier sour crude. Its property consists of approximately 600 contiguous acres of land that we own in Tyler, Texas and adjacent areas, of which the main plant and associated tank farms adjacent to the refinery sit on approximately 100 acres. Additionally, it has access to crude oil pipeline systems that allow us access to East Texas, West Texas and, to a limited extent, the Gulf of Mexico and foreign crude oil. Most of the crude supplied to the Tyler refinery is delivered by third-party pipelines and through pipelines owned by our logistics segment.

Major processes at our Tyler refinery include crude distillation, vacuum distillation, naphtha reforming, naphtha and diesel hydrotreating, fluid catalytic cracking, alkylation, and delayed coking. The Tyler refinery has a Complexity Index of 8.7.

The chart below sets forth information concerning the throughput at the Tyler refinery for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

The Tyler refinery primarily produces two grades of gasoline (E10 premium 93 and E10 regular 87), as well as aviation gasoline, and also offers both E-10 and biodiesel blended products. Diesel and jet fuel products produced at the Tyler refinery include military specification jet fuel, commercial jet fuel and ultra-low sulfur diesel. In addition to higher-value gasoline and distillate fuels, the Tyler refinery produces small quantities of propane, refinery grade propylene and butanes, petroleum coke, slurry oil, sulfur and other blendstocks. The Tyler refinery produces both low-sulfur gasoline and ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel, both on-road and off-road, pursuant to the current EPA clean fuels standards.

The chart below sets forth information concerning the Tyler refinery's production slate for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

The Tyler refinery is currently the only major distributor of a full range of refined petroleum products within a radius of approximately 100 miles of its location. The vast majority of our transportation fuels and other products produced at the Tyler refinery supply the local market in the East Texas area and are sold directly from a refined products terminal owned by Delek Logistics and located at the refinery. We believe this allows our customers to benefit from lower transportation costs compared to alternative sources. Our customers include major oil companies, independent refiners and marketers, jobbers, distributors in the U.S. and Mexico, utility and transportation companies, the U.S. government and independent retail fuel operators.

Taking into account the Tyler refinery's crude and refined product slate, as well as the refinery's location near the Gulf Coast Region, we apply the Gulf Coast 5-3-2 crack spread to calculate the approximate refined product margin resulting from processing one barrel of crude oil into three-fifths barrel of gasoline and two-fifths barrel of low sulfur diesel.


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Business and Properties


El Dorado Refinery

Our El Dorado refinery has a nameplate crude throughput capacity of 80,000 bpd, and is designed to process a wide variety of crude oil, ranging from light sweet to heavy sour. The refinery site consists of approximately 460 acres of land that we own in El Dorado, Arkansas, of which the main plant and associated tank farms adjacent to the refinery sit on approximately 335 acres, and is the largest refinery in Arkansas, representing more than 90% of state-wide refining capacity. The refinery receives crude by several delivery points, including from local sources as well as other third-party pipelines that connect directly into Delek Logistics' El Dorado Pipeline System, which runs from Magnolia, Arkansas, to the El Dorado refinery (the "El Dorado Pipeline System"), and rail at third-party terminals. We also purchase crude oil for the El Dorado refinery from inland sources in East and West Texas, as well as in south Arkansas and north Louisiana through a crude oil gathering system owned and operated by Delek Logistics (the "SALA Gathering System").

Major processes at our El Dorado refinery include crude distillation, vacuum distillation, naphtha isomerization and reforming, naphtha and diesel hydrotreating, gas oil hydrotreating, fluid catalytic cracking and alkylation. The El Dorado refinery has a Complexity Index of 10.2.

The chart below sets forth information concerning the throughput at the El Dorado refinery for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

The El Dorado refinery produces a wide range of refined products, including multiple grades (E-10 premium 93 and E-10 regular 87) of gasoline and ultra-low sulfur diesel fuels, LPG, refinery grade propylene and a variety of asphalt products, including paving grade asphalt and roofing flux. The El Dorado refinery offers both E-10 and biodiesel blended products. The El Dorado refinery produces both low-sulfur gasoline and ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel, both on-road and off-road, pursuant to the current EPA clean fuels standards.

The chart below sets forth information concerning the El Dorado refinery's production slate for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:


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Business and Properties

Products manufactured at the El Dorado refinery supply a combination of pipeline bulk sales and wholesale rack sales sold to wholesalers and retailers through spot sales, commercial sales contracts and exchange agreements in markets in Arkansas, Memphis, Tennessee and north into the Ohio River Valley region as well as in Mexico. The El Dorado refinery connection via the logistics segment to the Enterprise Pipeline System is a key means of product distribution for the refinery, because it provides access to third-party terminals in multiple Mid-Continent markets located adjacent to the system, including Shreveport, Louisiana, North Little Rock, Arkansas, Memphis, Tennessee, Cape Girardeau, Missouri and Princeton, Indiana. The El Dorado refinery also supplies products to these markets through product exchanges on the Colonial Pipeline.

The crude oil and product slate flexibility of the El Dorado refinery allows us to take advantage of changes in the crude oil and product markets; therefore, we anticipate that the quantities and varieties of crude oil processed and products manufactured at the El Dorado refinery will continue to vary. While there is variability in the crude slate and the product output at the El Dorado refinery, we compare our per barrel refined product margin to the Gulf Coast 5-3-2 crack spread because we believe it to be the most closely aligned benchmark.


Big Spring Refinery

Our Big Spring refinery has a nameplate crude throughput capacity of 73,000 bpd and is located on 1,306 acres of land that we own in the Permian Basin in West Texas. The main plant and associated tank farms adjacent to the refinery sit on approximately 330 acres. It is the closest refinery to Midland, which allows us to efficiently source WTS and WTI Midland crude. Additionally, the Big Spring refinery has the ability to source locally-trucked crude as well as crude locally gathered from our own developing gathering system, which enables us to better control quality and eliminate the cost of transporting the crude supply from Midland.

The Big Spring refinery is designed to process a variety of crude, ranging from light sweet to medium sour, with the flexibility to convert its production to one or the other based on market pricing conditions. Our Big Spring refinery receives WTS and WTI crude by truck from local gathering systems and regional common carrier pipelines. Other feedstocks, including butane, isobutane and asphalt blending components, are delivered by truck and railcar. A majority of the natural gas we use to run the refinery is delivered by a pipeline in which we own a majority interest.

In 2024, we were selected by the Department of Energy's ("DOE") Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations to negotiate a cost-sharing agreement in support of a carbon capture pilot project at the Big Spring refinery. The DOE Carbon Capture Large-Scale Pilot Project program provides 70% cost-share for up to $95 million of federal funding to support project development. The project will deploy carbon capture technology at the Big Spring refinery's FCC unit, while maintaining existing production capabilities and turnaround schedule. Expectations for the project are to capture 145,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide per year, as well as reduce health-harming pollutants, such as sulfur oxide and particulate matter. Carbon dioxide is expected to be transported by existing pipelines for permanent storage or utilization.

Major processes at our Big Spring refinery include crude distillation, vacuum distillation, naphtha reforming, naphtha and diesel hydrotreating, aromatic extraction, propane de-asphalting, fluid catalytic cracking, and alkylation. The Big Spring refinery has a Complexity Index of 10.5.

The chart below sets forth throughput composition at the Big Spring refinery for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

The Big Spring refinery primarily produces two grades of gasoline (premium CBOB and CBOB). Diesel and jet fuel products produced at the Big Spring refinery include military specification jet fuel, commercial jet fuel and ultra-low sulfur diesel. We also produce propane, propylene, certain aromatics, specialty solvents and benzene for use as petrochemical feedstocks, and asphalt along with other by-products such as sulfur and carbon black oil. The Big Spring refinery produces both low-sulfur gasoline and ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel, both on-road and off-road, pursuant to current EPA clean fuels standards, and certain boutique fuels supplied to the El Paso, Texas, and Phoenix, Arizona, markets.


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Business and Properties

The chart below sets forth information concerning the Big Spring refinery's production slate for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

Our Big Spring refinery sells products in both the wholesale rack and bulk markets. We sell motor fuels under both the Alon brand and on an unbranded basis through various terminals to supply numerous locations, including the convenience stores in Delek's retail segment in Central and West Texas and New Mexico. We sell transportation fuel production in excess of our branded and unbranded marketing needs through bulk sales and exchange channels entered into with various oil companies and trading companies which are transported through a product pipeline network or truck deliveries, depending on location, and through terminals located in Texas (Abilene, Wichita Falls, El Paso), Arizona (Tucson, Phoenix), and New Mexico (Albuquerque, Moriarty).

For our Big Spring refinery, we compare our per barrel refined product margin to the Gulf Coast 3-2-1 crack spread, which is the approximate refined product margin resulting from processing one barrel of crude oil into two-thirds barrel of gasoline and one-third barrel of ultra-low sulfur diesel. Our Big Spring refinery is capable of processing substantial volumes of both sour crude oil or sweet crude oil, which we optimize based on price differentials. We measure the cost advantage of refining sour crude oil by calculating the difference between the price of WTI Cushing crude oil and the price of WTS, a medium, sour crude oil, taking into account differences in production yield. We refer to this differential as the WTI Cushing/WTS, or sweet/sour, spread. A widening of the sweet/sour spread can favorably influence the operating margin for our Big Spring refinery. The WTI Cushing less WTI Midland spread represents the differential between the average per barrel price of WTI Cushing crude oil and the average per barrel price of WTI Midland crude oil.


Krotz Springs Refinery

Our Krotz Springs refinery has a nameplate crude throughput capacity of 74,000 bpd, and is located on 381 acres of land that we own on the Atchafalaya River in central Louisiana. The main plant and associated tank farms adjacent to the refinery sit on approximately 250 acres. This location provides access to crude from barge, pipeline, railcar and truck. This combination of logistics assets provides us with diversified access to locally-sourced, domestic and foreign crude.

The Krotz Springs refinery is designed mainly to process light sweet crude oil. We are capable of receiving WTI Midland, LLS, HLS and foreign crude from the EMPCo Northline System (the "Northline System") and the Crimson Pipeline. The Northline System delivers LLS, HLS and foreign crude oil from the St. James, Louisiana, crude oil terminalling complex. The Crimson Pipeline connects the Krotz Springs refinery to the Baton Rouge, Louisiana area. Additionally, the Krotz Springs refinery has the ability to receive crude oil sourced from West Texas. WTI crude oil is transported through the Energy Transfer Amdel pipeline to the Nederland terminal located near the Gulf Coast and from there is transported to the Krotz Springs refinery by barge via the Intracoastal Canal and the Atchafalaya River. The Krotz Springs refinery also receives approximately 20% of its crude by barge and truck from inland Louisiana and Mississippi and other locations.

Major processes at the Krotz Springs refinery include crude distillation, vacuum distillation, naphtha hydrotreating, naphtha isomerization and reforming, and gas oil/residual catalytic cracking to minimize low quality black oil production and to produce higher light product yields. The Krotz Springs refinery has a Complexity Index of 8.8. Additionally, in April 2019, the Krotz Springs refinery completed construction of an alkylation unit with approximately 6,000-bpd capacity that is designed to combine isobutane and butylene into alkylate and enable multiple grades of gasoline to be produced, including premium octane gasoline.


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Business and Properties

The chart below sets forth information concerning the throughput at the Krotz Springs refinery for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

The Krotz Springs refinery produces CBOB 84 grade gasoline as well as HSD, light cycle oil, jet fuel, petrochemical feedstocks, LPG, slurry oil and alkylate. The Krotz Springs refinery produces low-sulfur gasoline, pursuant to the current EPA clean fuels standards.

The chart below sets forth information concerning the Krotz Springs refinery's production slate for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

The Krotz Springs refinery markets transportation fuel substantially through pipeline and barge bulk sales, exchange channels and wholesale rack sales. These bulk sales, exchange arrangements and wholesale rack sales are entered into with various oil companies and trading companies and are transported to markets on the Mississippi River and the Atchafalaya River as well as to terminals along the Colonial Pipeline system in the southeastern United States.

For our Krotz Springs refinery, we compare our per barrel refined product margin to the Gulf Coast 2-1-1 high sulfur diesel crack spread, which is the approximate refined product margin calculated assuming that one barrel of LLS crude oil is converted into one-half barrel of Gulf Coast conventional gasoline and one-half barrel of Gulf Coast HSD. The Krotz Springs refinery has the capability to process substantial volumes of sweet crude oil to produce a high percentage of refined light products.


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Business and Properties


Logistics Segment

Overview

Our logistics segment consists of Delek Logistics, a publicly-traded master limited partnership, and its subsidiaries. Our consolidated financial statements include its consolidated financial results. As of December 31, 2023, we owned a 78.7% limited partner interest in Delek Logistics, consisting of 34,311,278 common limited partner units, and the non-economic general partner interest. Delek Logistics is a variable interest entity as defined under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). Intercompany transactions with Delek Logistics and its subsidiaries are eliminated in our consolidated financial statements.

Our logistics segment generates revenue by charging fees for gathering, transporting, offloading and storing crude oil and natural gas; for storing intermediate products and feedstocks; for marketing, distributing, transporting and storing refined products; and disposing and recycling water. A majority of Logistics' existing assets are both integral to and dependent on the successful operation of Refining's assets, as our logistics segment gathers, transports and stores crude oil, and markets, distributes, transports and stores refined products in select regions of the southeastern United States and East Texas primarily in support of the Tyler and El Dorado refineries, and in Central and West Texas and New Mexico, primarily in support of the Big Spring refinery. All intercompany transactions are eliminated in consolidation. In addition, the logistics segment also provides crude oil, intermediate and refined products transportation services for, terminalling and marketing services to, and disposing and recycling water to, third parties primarily in Texas, the Delaware Basin in New Mexico, Tennessee and Arkansas.


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Business and Properties

The following provides an overview of our logistics segment assets and operations:


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Business and Properties

The logistics segment network includes the following locations/properties:


Terminal Locations	Pipelines (owned or leased)	Storage Tanks Locations
Tennessee	Louisiana and Arkansas	Tennessee
Nashville	SALA Gathering System	Nashville
Memphis	El Dorado Pipeline System	Memphis
Texas	Magnolia Pipeline System	Arkansas
Tyler	Texas	North Little Rock
Big Sandy	Paline Pipeline System	El Dorado
San Angelo	McMurrey Pipeline System	Texas
Abilene	Nettleton Pipeline	Tyler
Mount Pleasant	Tyler-Big Sandy Product Pipeline	Big Sandy
Arkansas	Big Spring Pipeline (and adjacent pipelines)	Big Spring
North Little Rock	Midland Gathering System	San Angelo
El Dorado	New Mexico	Abilene
	Delaware Gathering System	Mount Pleasant

All of the above properties/assets are located on real property owned by Delek. Additionally, all of the pipeline systems set forth above run across fee owned land, leased land, easements and rights-of-way. The logistics segment also owns a fleet of trucks and trailers used to transport crude oil, asphalt and other hydrocarbon products.

Logistics Segment - Wholesale Marketing and Terminalling

The logistics segment's wholesale marketing and terminalling business provides wholesale marketing and terminalling services to the refining segment and to independent third parties from whom it receives fees for marketing, transporting, storing and terminalling refined products and to whom it wholesale markets refined products. It generates revenue by (i) providing marketing services for the refined products output of the Tyler and Big Spring refineries, (ii) engaging in wholesale activity in West Texas at owned terminals in Abilene and San Angelo, Texas, as well as at terminals owned by third parties, whereby it purchases light products for sale and exchange to third parties and (iii) providing terminalling services to independent third parties and the refining segment. Three terminals, located in El Dorado, Arkansas, Memphis, Tennessee and North Little Rock, Arkansas, throughput refined product produced at the El Dorado refinery. Three terminals, located in Tyler, Big Sandy and Mount Pleasant Texas, throughput refined product produced at the Tyler refinery.

Logistics Segment - Gathering and Processing

The logistics segment's gathering and processing business owns or leases capacity on approximately 398 miles of operable crude oil transportation pipelines, approximately 406 miles of refined product pipelines, an approximately 1,400-mile crude oil gathering system and associated crude oil storage tanks with an aggregate of approximately 10.0 million barrels of active shell capacity. In addition, these assets include 88 million cubic feet ("MMcf") per day ("MMcf/d") of cryogenic natural gas processing capacity and 200 MBbl/d of water disposal capacity in the Delaware basin. These assets are primarily divided into the following operating systems:

•the El Dorado Pipeline System, which transports crude oil to and refined products from the El Dorado refinery;

•the SALA Gathering System, which gathers and transports crude oil production in southern Arkansas and northern Louisiana, primarily for the El Dorado refinery;

•the Paline Pipeline System, which primarily transports crude oil from Longview, Texas to third-party facilities in Nederland, Texas ("the Paline Pipeline System");

•the East Texas Crude Logistics System, which currently transports a portion of the crude oil delivered to the Tyler refinery (the "East Texas Crude Logistics System");

•the Tyler-Big Sandy Product Pipeline, which is a pipeline between the Tyler refinery and the Big Sandy Terminal;

•the Memphis Pipeline;

•the Big Spring Pipeline;

•Midland Gathering Assets, which is a crude oil gathering system located in Howard, Borden and Martin Counties, Texas (the "Midland Gathering Assets", previously referred to as the Permian Gathering Assets); and

•Delaware Gathering Assets, which includes a crude oil gathering system located in Lea County New Mexico, 120 miles of gas gathering pipelines with 150 MMcf/d of pipeline capacity, and 170 miles of water gathering pipelines with 220 MBbl/d of pipeline capacity.


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Business and Properties

Logistics Segment - Storage and Transportation

The logistics segment's storage and transportation business includes trucks and ancillary assets that provide crude oil, intermediate and refined products transportation and storage services primarily in support of the Tyler, El Dorado and Big Spring refineries, as well as to third parties. In providing these services, we typically do not take ownership of the products or crude oil that we transport or store; and, therefore, the results of our transportation segment are not directly exposed to changes in commodity prices. These assets are primarily divided into the following operating systems:

•the Tyler Tanks;

•the El Dorado Tanks;

•the North Little Rock Tanks;

•the El Dorado Rail Offloading Racks;

•the Greenville Storage Facility;

•Tyler Crude Tank;

•Big Spring Truck Unloading Station; and

•Big Spring Tanks.

In addition to these operating systems, the transportation segment owns or leases approximately 199 tractors and 353 trailers used to haul primarily crude oil and other products for related and third parties.

Logistics Segment - Joint Ventures

The logistics segment owns a portion of three joint ventures (accounted for as equity method investments) that have logistics assets, which serve third parties and the refining segment. These joint ventures are strategic investments in pipelines/pipeline systems which service various areas including the Permian Basin. These assets include the following:


JV Name	Ownership Interest	Description
RIO Pipeline	33%	Joint venture operates a 109-mile crude oil pipeline with a capacity of 145,000 barrels bpd, that originates in north Loving County, Texas near the Texas-New Mexico border and terminates in Midland, Texas ("RIO Pipeline")
Caddo Pipeline	50%	Joint venture operates an 80-mile crude oil pipeline with a capacity of 80,000 bpd that originates in Longview, Texas, with destinations in the Shreveport, Louisiana area ("Caddo Pipeline")
Red River Pipeline	33%	Joint venture operates a 16-inch crude oil pipeline between Cushing, Oklahoma and Longview, Texas with prior capacity of 150,000 bpd and increased capacity of 235,000 bpd after completion of the expansion project in October 2020 ("Red River Pipeline")

Logistics Segment Supply Agreement

As of January 1, 2018, Delek Logistics purchased products from Delek and third parties at our Abilene and San Angelo terminals. To facilitate these purchases, Delek Logistics constructed a pipeline into our Abilene Terminal to receive product from the pipeline owned by Holly Energy Partners, L.P. (NYSE: HEP) through which Delek shipped product that was produced at the Big Spring refinery. Delek Logistics completed construction of a connection to the Magellan Midstream Partners, L.P. ("Magellan") pipeline that allows Magellan to supply our Abilene and San Angelo terminals with product transported from the Gulf Coast. Delek Logistics also has active connections to the Magellan Orion Pipeline that enable us to ship product to our terminals and to acquire product from other shippers. Products purchased from Delek are generally based on daily market prices at the time of purchase limiting exposure to fluctuating prices. Products purchased from third parties are generally based on market prices at the time of purchase requiring price hedging risk management activities between the time of purchase and sale. Existing price risk hedging programs have been adjusted to correspond to the volume of product purchased from third parties.

Logistics Segment Operating Agreements With Delek

Delek Logistics has a number of long-term, fee-based commercial agreements with Delek and its subsidiaries that, among other things, establish fees for certain administrative and operational services provided by Delek and its subsidiaries to Delek Logistics, provide certain indemnification obligations and establish terms for fee-based commercial agreements for Delek Logistics to provide certain pipeline transportation, terminal throughput, finished product marketing and storage services to Delek. Most of these agreements have an initial term ranging from five to ten years, which may be extended for various renewal terms at the option of Delek. In the case of the marketing agreement with Delek, the initial term has been extended through 2026. Each of these agreements requires Delek or a Delek subsidiary to pay for certain minimum volume commitments ("MVCs") or certain minimum storage capacities. Delek Logistics also entered into an agreement to manage the construction of the 250-mile gathering system in the Permian Basin connecting to our Big Spring, Texas terminal and to operate the gathering system as it is completed. The majority of the gathering system has been constructed, however, additional costs pertaining to a pipeline connection continue to be incurred and are still subject to the terms of the agreement. That agreement extends through December 2024.

Logistics Segment Customers

In addition to certain of our subsidiaries, our logistics segment has various types of customers, including major oil companies, independent refiners and marketers, jobbers, distributors, utility and transportation companies and independent retail fuel operators.


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Business and Properties

Logistics Segment Seasonality

The volume and throughput of crude oil and refined products transported through our pipelines and sold through our terminals and to third parties is directly affected by the level of supply and demand for all of such products in the markets served directly or indirectly by our assets. Supply and demand for such products fluctuates during the calendar year. Demand for gasoline, for example, is generally higher during the summer months than during the winter months due to seasonal increases in motor vehicle traffic. Varying vapor pressure requirements between the summer and winter months also tighten summer gasoline supply. In addition, our refining segment often performs planned maintenance during the winter, when demand for their products is lower. Accordingly, these factors can diminish the demand for crude oil or finished products by our customers, and therefore limit our volumes or throughput during these periods, and we expect that our operating results will generally be lower during the first and fourth quarters of the calendar year.

Logistics Segment Competition

Our logistics segment faces competition for the transportation and storage of crude oil and refined product from other pipeline owners whose pipelines and storage facilities (i) may have a location advantage over our pipelines offtake or storage facilities, (ii) may be able to transport or store more desirable crude oil or refined products, (iii) may be able to transport or store crude oil or refined product at a lower tariff or (iv) may be able to store more crude oil or refined product. In addition, the wholesale marketing and terminalling business in general is also very competitive. Our owned refined product terminals, as well as the other third-party terminals we use to sell refined products, compete with other independent terminal operators as well as integrated oil companies on the basis of terminal location, price, versatility and services provided. The costs associated with transporting products from a loading terminal to end users limit the geographic size of the market that can be competitively served by any terminal.


Retail Segment

Overview

Delek's retail segment includes the operations of owned and leased convenience store sites as described below:


Retail Segment Properties/Locations
Number of Stores (owned and leased) (1)		250
Number of Leased Locations (1)		112
Minimum Lease Payments Due 2024 (in millions) (1)		$6.2
Fuel Offerings	Various grades of gasoline and diesel under the DK or Alon brand names
Merchandise Offerings	Food products, food service, tobacco products, non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages, general merchandise as well as money orders to the public
Convenience Store Branding (2)	Delek (under "DK") and Alon branding as we completed the re-branding of previously existing 7-Eleven locations
Locations	Primarily West Texas and New Mexico

(1) As of December 31, 2023.

(2) In November 2018, we terminated a license agreement with 7-Eleven, Inc. to remove its branding on a store-by-store basis by December 31, 2023. See further discussion below.

We believe that we have established a strong market presence in the major retail markets in which we operate. Our retail strategy employs localized marketing tactics that account for the unique demographic characteristics of each region that we serve. We introduce customized product offerings and promotional strategies to address the unique tastes and preferences of our customers on a market-by-market basis. In some locations, we have implemented the option of a cashless check-out system. Furthermore, we are actively implementing strategic initiatives to optimize our performance across our retail stores and reduce our reliance on external brand recognition, while developing and optimizing the use of our own brands and evaluating retail opportunities in current and emerging geographic and strategic markets. As a result of these efforts, in November 2018, we terminated a license agreement with 7-Eleven, Inc. and removed all 7-Eleven branding on a store-by-store basis by December 31, 2023.

Fuel Operations

For the year ended December 31, 2023 fuel revenues were 64.2% of total net sales for our retail segment. Substantially all of the motor fuel sold through our retail segment is supplied by our Big Spring refinery, which is transferred to the retail segment at prices substantially determined by reference to recent published commodity pricing information.

Merchandise Operations

For the year ended December 31, 2023, our merchandise revenues were 35.8% of total net sales for our retail segment.


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Retail Segment Seasonality

Demand for gasoline and convenience merchandise is generally higher during the summer months than during the winter months due to seasonal increases in motor vehicle traffic. As a result, the operating results of our retail segment are generally lower for the first quarter of the calendar year. Weather conditions in our operating area also have a significant effect on our operating results. Customers are more likely to purchase higher profit margin items at our retail fuel and convenience stores, such as fast foods, fountain drinks and other beverages, as well as additional gasoline, during the spring and summer months.

Retail Segment Competition

The retail fuel and convenience store business is highly competitive. We compete on a store-by-store basis with other independent convenience store chains, independent owner-operators, major petroleum companies, supermarkets, drug stores, discount stores, club stores, mass merchants, fast food operations and other retail outlets. Major competitive factors affecting us include location, ease of access, pricing, timely deliveries, product and service selections, customer service, fuel brands, store appearance, cleanliness and safety. We believe we are able to compete effectively in the markets in which we operate because our geographic concentration allows us to improve buying power with our vendors. Our retail segment strategy centers on operating a high concentration of sites in a similar geographic region to promote operational efficiencies. Finally, we believe that leveraging the integration between our retail and refining segments provides advantageous fuel supply to our retail stores. Our major retail competitors include Chevron, Murphy USA, Sunoco LP (Stripes® brand), Alimentation Couche-Tard Inc. (Circle K® brand and CST brand), Marathon Petroleum and various other independent operators.


Joint Ventures

Corporate and other includes two joint ventures (accounted for as equity method investments) that have asphalt and logistics assets, which serve third parties and the refining segment. These assets include the following:


JV Name	Ownership Interest	Description
WWP	15%	WWP Joint Venture (which was subsequently converted to an indirect interest via the formation of and contribution to the WWP Project Financing Joint Venture; crude oil pipeline system from Wink, Texas to Webster, Texas along with certain pipelines from Webster, Texas to other destinations in the Texas Gulf Coast .
Asphalt Terminal	50%	Joint venture that owns asphalt terminals located in the southwestern region of the U.S.


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ESG-Related Matters

Board of Directors Oversight

The strategy and direction of our business begins with our Board of Directors. The Board of Directors is committed to developing and implementing Delek’s ESG-related goals, and taking an active role in overseeing management’s efforts. To assist in these efforts, the Board of Directors has delegated a number of sustainability-related responsibilities to its standing committees while retaining overall responsibility for the oversight of Delek's ESG activities.

The primary responsibility for assisting the Board of Directors in overseeing ESG-related matters has been assigned to the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee of our Board of Directors. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, which has been helping to guide these activities, is focused on elevating Delek’s ESG performance to that of a leader amongst its peers.

The Human Capital and Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors also has responsibilities related to ESG-related matters, such as ensuring the consideration of executive compensation to the achievement of ESG-related goals, executing our Diversity, Equity and Inclusion ("DEI") programs, and certifying the full and proper disclosure of our EEO-1 report.

The Environment, Health and Safety Committee of our Board of Directors exercises direct oversight over a number of ESG-related matters such as the implementation of our first GHG reductions goals, the continual improvement of our workforce health and safety performance and an examination of water conservation, waste minimization, and air emission reduction efforts.

The Audit Committee of our Board of Directors oversees certain ESG-related matters, such as all financial reporting disclosures related to ESG, Delek's legal and regulatory compliance, and any potential financial risk exposure related to ESG.

Management Oversight

Clear lines of ownership and accountability, in addition to regular and clear communication between the Board of Directors and executives, are critical to effectively managing our ESG-related risks and opportunities. As such, Delek’s leadership has created several ESG-related strategic groups. For example, the New Energy Task Force was developed to examine how to tactically reduce our GHG emissions, as well as to evaluate product and service offerings that will be sustainable in the post-2050 net carbon neutral environment.

In addition, the Joint Risk Committee, which consists of our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Commercial Officer and General Counsel, acts as the executive sponsors and overseers of our Enterprise Risk Management framework ("ERM") and reports quarterly to the Board of Directors. Moreover, Delek implemented three standing subcommittees underneath the Joint Risk Committee: the Systems Risk Management Subcommittee, the Financial Markets Risk Subcommittee, and the Sustainable Operations Team, which was established in the beginning of 2022. Specifically, the Sustainable Operations Team, led by our Executive Vice President of Operations, is composed of experts and leaders across our business functions, including our executives responsible for Refining and Human Resources, as well as our General Counsel. To ensure continued progress, the Sustainable Operations Team meets quarterly to assess, manage and oversee relevant risks, including those related to safety, the workforce and decarbonization.


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Governmental Regulation and Environmental Matters

Environmental Sustainability

As part of our commitment to corporate sustainability, we publish the Sustainability Report, annually, describing the Company's ESG strategies, which include emissions reduction initiatives and other efforts to address other environmental matters such as energy and water conservation, waste minimization, and recycling. Information contained in the Sustainability Report is not incorporated by reference into, and does not constitute a part of, this Form 10-K. While the Company believes that the disclosures contained in the Sustainability Report and other voluntary disclosures regarding ESG matters are responsive to various areas of investor interest, the Company believes that these disclosures do not currently address matters that are material in the near term to the Company’s operations, strategy, financial condition or financial results, although this view may change in the future based on new information that could materially alter the estimates, assumptions, or timelines used to create these disclosures. Given the estimates, assumptions and timelines used to create the Sustainability Report and other voluntary disclosures, the materiality of these disclosures is inherently difficult to assess in advance.

Delek remains steadfast in its desire to pursue initiatives to address the Company's impact on the environment. In 2021, the Company announced a goal of reducing Scope 1 & 2 emissions by 34% through emission reductions and carbon offsets. This goal is aligned with both the International Energy Agency's ("IEA’s") Sustainable Development Scenario ("SDS") and the Paris Accord’s goal of limiting warming to less than 2°C above pre-industrial levels. Using 2012 as our baseline, we plan to pursue the reductions via a combination of steps including, but not limited to: energy-efficient operational improvements, transitioning some refinery production away from transportation fuels and towards chemicals, renewable power purchases, when feasible, and offsets, when necessary and previously executed facility shutdowns that were later divested. Our pledge is the first step towards a long-term roadmap to move Delek firmly in the direction of the carbon-neutral operating environment that we expect to exist by mid-century, as envisioned by the Paris Accords.

Rate Regulation of Petroleum Pipelines

The rates and terms and conditions of service on certain of our pipelines are subject to regulation by FERC, under the Interstate Commerce Act (the “ICA”) and by the state regulatory commissions in the states in which we transport crude oil, intermediate and refined products. Certain of our pipeline systems are subject to such regulation and have filed tariffs with the appropriate authorities. We also comply with the reporting requirements for these pipelines. Some of our other pipeline systems have received a waiver from application of the FERC's tariff requirements, but comply with other applicable regulatory requirements

The FERC regulates interstate transportation under the ICA, the Energy Policy Act of 1992 and the rules and regulations promulgated under those laws. The ICA, and its implementing regulations, require that tariff rates for interstate service on oil pipelines, including pipelines that transport crude oil, intermediate and refined products in interstate commerce, be just and reasonable and non-discriminatory, and that such rates and terms and conditions of service be filed with the FERC. Under the ICA, shippers may challenge new or existing rates or services. The FERC is authorized to suspend the effectiveness of a challenged rate for up to seven months, though rates are typically not suspended for the maximum allowable period. Our tariff rates are typically contractually subject to increase or decrease on July 1 of each year, by the amount of any change in various inflation-based indices, including the FERC oil pipeline index, the consumer price index and the producer price index; provided, however, that in no event will the fees be adjusted below the amount initially set forth in the applicable agreement.

Environmental, Health and Safety

We are subject to extensive federal, state and local environmental and safety laws and regulations enforced by various agencies, including, but not limited to, the EPA, the U.S. Department of Transportation (the "DOT") and OSHA, as well as numerous state, regional and local environmental, safety and pipeline agencies.

These laws and regulations govern the discharge, release and spillage of materials into the environment, waste management practices, pollution prevention measures and the composition of the fuels we produce, as well as the safe operation of our plants, pipelines and trucks and the safety of our workers, the public and the environment. Numerous permits or other authorizations are required under these laws and regulations for the operation of our refineries, renewable fuel facilities, terminals, pipelines, underground storage tanks, trucks, rail cars and related operations, and such permits and authorizations may be subject to revocation, modification and renewal.

Any failure to comply with these laws and permits may raise potential exposure to future claims and lawsuits involving environmental and safety matters, which could include soil, surface water and water contamination, air pollution, personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by substances which we manufactured, handled, used, released or disposed of, transported, or that relate to pre-existing conditions for which we have assumed responsibility. We believe that our current operations are in substantial compliance with existing environmental and safety requirements and permitting requirements. However, there have been and will continue to be ongoing discussions about environmental and safety matters with us and federal and state authorities, including receipt of and responses to notices of violations, citations and other enforcement actions, some of which have resulted, or may result in, changes to operating procedures and in capital expenditures. While it is often difficult to quantify future environmental or safety related expenditures, we anticipate that continuing capital investments and changes in operating procedures will be required for the foreseeable future to comply with existing and new requirements, as well as evolving interpretations of existing laws and regulations. Capital investments in 2024 and 2025 related to compliance with environmental, health and safety regulations are not expected to have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. These estimates do not include amounts related to capital investments that management has deemed to be strategic investments. These amounts could materially change as a result of governmental and regulatory actions.


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We generate wastes that may be subject to the RCRA and comparable state and local requirements. The EPA and various state agencies have limited the approved methods of managing, transporting, recycling and disposing of hazardous and certain non-hazardous wastes. Our refineries are large quantity generators of hazardous waste. Our other facilities, such as terminals and renewable fuel plants, generate lesser quantities of hazardous wastes.

CERCLA, also known as Superfund, imposes liability, without regard to fault or the legality of the original conduct, on certain classes of persons who are considered to be responsible for the release of a hazardous substances into the environment. Analogous state laws impose similar responsibilities and liabilities on responsible parties. In the course of our ordinary operations, our various businesses generate waste, some of which falls within the broad statutory definition of a hazardous substance and some of which may have been disposed of at sites that may require future cleanup under Superfund. At this time, our El Dorado refinery has been named as a de minimis potentially responsible party at one Superfund site, for which we believe future costs will not be material.

As of December 31, 2023, we have recorded an environmental liability of approximately $113.9 million, primarily related to the estimated probable costs of remediating, or otherwise addressing, certain environmental issues of a non-capital nature at the Tyler, El Dorado, Big Spring and Krotz Springs refineries as well as terminals, some of which we no longer own. This liability includes estimated costs for ongoing investigation and remediation efforts, which were already being performed by the former operators of the refineries and terminals prior to our acquisition of those facilities, for known contamination of soil and groundwater, as well as estimated costs for additional issues which have been identified subsequent to the acquisitions. Approximately $3.0 million of the total liability is expected to be expended over the next 12 months, with most of the balance expended by 2032, although some costs may extend up to 30 years. In the future, we could be required to extend the expected remediation period or undertake additional investigations of our refineries, pipelines and terminal facilities, which could result in additional remediation liabilities.

Our operations are subject to certain requirements of the Federal Clean Air Act (“CAA”), as well as related state and local laws and regulations governing air emission. Certain CAA regulatory programs applicable to our refineries, terminals and other operations require capital expenditures for the installation of air pollution control devices, operational procedures to minimize emissions and monitoring and reporting of emissions. A consent decree was entered in the U. S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas in June 2019 resolving alleged historical violations of the CAA at our Big Spring refinery. In addition to a civil penalty of $0.5 million that we paid in June 2019, the Company will be required to expend capital for pollution control equipment that may be significant over the next 5 years. There are no more capital obligations required after 2028.

The EPA has also proposed revisions the NAAQS for particulate matter with a nominal mean aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM 2.5). Delek is monitoring progress of the proposed revisions. Due to uncertainty with the proposal, it is not possible to estimate if there will be any material impact to Delek as a result of the proposal.

In December 2020, the EPA designated a portion of Howard County, Texas surrounding the Delek Big Spring refinery and a neighboring carbon black plant as non-attainment for the sulfur dioxide (SO2) 1-hour primary NAAQS of 75 ppb. The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality ("TCEQ") must take steps to control SO2 emissions from industrial facilities in the non-attainment area to bring the area into compliance with the SO2 NAAQS by 2025. In October 2022, the TCEQ submitted a State Implementation Plan ("SIP") to the EPA which demonstrates how they will meet the SO2 standard by 2025. The SIP does include reduced SO2 emission limitations for the Big Spring Refinery. The reduced emission limits are not expected to result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Additionally, non-attainment areas are subject to Nonattainment New Source Review ("NNSR") which is a permitting program for industrial facilities to ensure that new and modified sources of SO2 emissions do not impede progress toward cleaner air. Delek does not anticipate that SO2 NNSR will significantly impact the Big Spring refinery.

The EPA’s RFS-2 requires that all refiners remit environmental credits, called RINs, which may be generated by blending renewable fuels into the fuel products they produce, or else purchasing RINs on the market, and that such RINs shall be used to satisfy the related renewable volume obligation ("RVO"). Each of our refineries is an obligated party under RFS-2. To the extent that any of our refineries is unable to blend renewable fuels to generate sufficient RINs ("RINs Obligation"), it must purchase RINs to satisfy its annual requirement. Based on our current operating structure, we are unable to blend sufficient quantities of ethanol and biodiesel to meet our RINs Obligation and have to purchase RINs. In June 2022, the EPA finalized volumes for compliance years 2020, 2021 and 2022 under the RFS program, announced supplemental volume obligations for compliance years 2022 and 2023 and established new provisions of the RFS which addressed bio-intermediates. Additionally, the EPA denied the petitions for small refinery exemptions for prior period compliance years. In June 2023, the EPA published the final volume obligations for the years 2023-2025.

The EPA’s Tier 3 gasoline sulfur standards require that all gasoline (and any ethanol-gasoline blend) meet an annual production average sulfur level of 10 ppm or less while maintaining the existing Tier 2 per-gallon sulfur caps of 80 ppm at the refinery gate and 95 ppm downstream. Small volume refineries that increase their annual average crude oil processing above the 75,000 bpd level must comply with the Tier 3 requirements within 30 months from the time that processing level was exceeded. Compliance is not expected to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.


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Our operations are also subject to the Federal Clean Water Act (“CWA”), the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (“OPA-90”) and comparable state and local requirements. The CWA, and similar laws, prohibit any discharge into surface waters, ground waters, injection wells and publicly-owned treatment works, except as allowed by pre-treatment permits and National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (“NPDES”) permits issued by federal, state and local governmental agencies. The OPA-90 prohibits the discharge of oil into "Waters of the U.S." and requires that affected facilities have plans in place to respond to spills and other discharges. The CWA also regulates filling or discharges to wetlands and other "Waters of the U.S." To date, these rules have not materially impacted our business, however, if the scope of the CWA’s jurisdiction is expanded through new regulatory amendments or legal challenges, we could face increased operating costs or other impediments that could alter the way we conduct our business, which could in turn have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In recent years, various legislative and regulatory measures to address climate change and GHG emissions (including carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxides) have been discussed or implemented. They include proposed and enacted federal regulation and state actions to develop statewide, regional or nationwide programs designed to control and reduce GHG emissions from fixed sources, such as our refineries, power plants and oil and gas production operations, as well as mobile transportation sources and fuels. EPA rules require us to report GHG emissions from our refinery operations and use of fuel products produced at our refineries on an annual basis. While the cost of compliance with the reporting rule is not material, data gathered under the rule may be used in the future to support additional regulation of GHG. Moreover, the EPA directly regulates GHG emissions from refineries and other major sources through the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (“PSD”) and Federal Operating Permit programs and may require Best Available Control Technology for GHG emissions above a certain threshold if emissions of other pollutants would otherwise require PSD permitting.

The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration ("PHMSA") of the DOT regulates the design, construction, testing, operation, maintenance, reporting and emergency response of crude oil, petroleum product and other hazardous liquids pipelines and other facilities, including certain tank facilities used in the transportation of such liquids. These requirements are complex, subject to change and, in certain cases, can be costly to comply with. We believe our operations are in substantial compliance with these regulations, but we cannot be certain that substantial expenditures will not be required to remain in compliance. Moreover, certain of these rules are difficult to insure adequately, and we cannot assure that we will have adequate insurance to address costs and damages from any noncompliance.

The U. S. Pipeline Safety, Regulatory Certainty and Job Creation Act of 2011 (“Pipeline Safety Act”) increased the maximum civil penalties for certain violations from $100,000 to $200,000 per violation per day and from a total cap of $1 million to $2 million. A number of the provisions of the Pipeline Safety Act have the potential to cause owners and operators of pipeline facilities to incur significant capital expenditures and/or operating costs. Additionally, PHMSA regulation that impose additional responsibilities concerning the operation, maintenance, and inspection of hazardous liquid pipelines; the reporting of pipeline incidents; reference standards for in-line pipeline inspection and the direct assessment of stress corrosion cracking; and other requirements. Additional potential new regulations of pipelines have been proposed by PHMSA and we are monitoring these developments to the extent applicable to our operations. The DOT has issued guidelines with respect to securing regulated facilities such as our bulk terminals against terrorist attack. We have instituted security measures and procedures in accordance with such guidelines to enhance the protection of certain of our facilities. We cannot provide any assurance that these security measures would fully protect our facilities from an attack.

The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration ("FMCSA") of the DOT regulates safety standards and monitors drivers and equipment of commercial motor carrier fleets. Such standards include vehicle and maintenance inspection requirements, limitations on the number of hours drivers may operate vehicles and financial responsibility requirements. We believe that the operations of our fleet of crude oil and finished products truck transports are substantially in compliance with these regulations and safety requirements.

Human Capital Management

As of December 31, 2023, we had 3,591 employees, 15.1% of which (approximately 542 employees) were subject to a collective bargaining agreement. We recognize that the key to a successful future for Delek depends on the success of our employees, which we have estimated to be comprised of approximately 66.0% who identify as male and 34.0% who identify as female, and where we estimate that approximately 24.0% identify as Hispanic or Latino. In addition, we estimate that approximately 19.0% of management roles were held by those who identify as women in 2023. We are targeting a 1.0% increase in the number of diverse employees, at all levels, throughout the company. We are committed to providing a safe and healthy working environment for our employees and have adopted a number of policies and programs to support and advance our human capital resources as discussed below.

Diversity and Inclusion

Delek is committed to fostering, cultivating and preserving a culture of diversity, equity and inclusion, as described in our DEI Policy, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, Employee Handbook, and Human Rights Policy. A majority of the leaders in our organization have completed unconscious bias training provided by Delek to help foster a more inclusive and diverse environment for all of our employees. We recognize that a diverse, extensive talent pool provides the best opportunity to acquire unique perspectives, experiences, ideas and solutions to drive our business forward. We have implemented a number of initiatives directed specifically to fostering relationships and providing support among our diverse talent, including employee resource groups for Delek Young Professionals, Delek Veterans, Delek Women in Leadership, Delek


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LGBTQ, Delek Black Employee Network, and Delek Hispanic Heritage. We also focused on inclusion awareness with a company wide training for all associates on the ABC’s of LGBTQ.

We provide an Executive Leadership Mentor Program that gives access to executive-level mentorship for ethnically and culturally diverse employees. This program provides diverse Delek employees with a mentor from executive leadership, fostering their opportunities for growth at Delek. It also improves our business by expanding options for executive succession planning. Additionally, our Talent Acquisition Strategy identifies colleges and universities with a high percentage of minority students focusing on education programs that match our required hiring qualifications to build influential relationships and recruit more diverse talent. In 2022, we built great relationships with two historically black colleges and universities, University of Arkansas of Pine Bluff, and Prairie View A&M of Texas. We also have established a relationship with a female-focused university, Texas Woman's University, which will yield great diverse top talent in the future. Lastly, our commitment includes transparency. We publicly disclose our EEO-1 Component 1 report, which is a mandatory non-public annual report required by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and which captures demographic workforce data, including data by race/ethnicity, sex and job categories.

Turnover and Talent Management

Delek recognizes the importance of attracting and retaining the best employees to make the most of its assets. While there is great talent in the current pool of industry workers, Delek sees the value in tapping into the potential of recent graduates within the region as discussed above. In recent years, Delek has gone to great lengths to establish relationships with local colleges and universities, increasing interest in our organization and industry among upcoming graduates, and Delek will continue to foster these relationships through our Talent Acquisition Strategy.

The continued success of Delek is not only contingent upon seeking out the best possible candidates but retaining and developing the talent that lies within the organization as well. Leadership development programs are crucial to the long-term success of every organization. To build a high-performing team, optimize our people’s expertise and prepare the next generation of well-rounded leaders, Delek is committed to investing in leadership development. During 2022, we launched new leadership development programs for all levels of leaders. Among their many benefits, the classes are designed to strengthen partakers’ communications, change management and strategy implementation skills.

Delek strives to maintain a work environment in which people are treated with dignity, decency and respect, which is why we have a commitment to a discrimination-free work environment, as described in our Sexual Harassment Policy, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, and Employee Handbook. Delek also has a variety of programs dedicated to ensuring our employees are appropriately trained and aligned on expectations regarding safety and environmental performance. These programs utilize behavior-based techniques which embrace a partnership among management, employees and the contract workforce to continually focus attention and actions on daily safety behavior. This is accomplished through an evergreen approach with constant evaluation and adaptation for employee, safety and business needs.

Benefits and Wellness Programs

Delek promotes a lifestyle of wellness — physically, financially, emotionally, and socially. Our benefits package and employee programs are designed to create a healthy balance of work and life. We offer a benefits package designed to promote the health and wellness of our employees, which includes employer-contributions for medical coverage, and a rebate of paid health premiums for completing annual preventative screening. Other physical health benefits include the telemedicine program, tobacco cessation program, access to onsite or local fitness centers, and active outings and step challenges.

Delek also recognizes the importance of our employees’ financial health and provides competitive base salaries. We also offer a long-term equity plan, life insurance and accidental death and dismemberment insurance, disability insurance, a tuition reimbursement program, dependent scholarship program, financial planning resources, professional and leadership development and employee service awards.

Delek believes in a healthy balance between work and life and offers a variety of programs and resources to ensure every team member can be at their best. We provide a variety of programs to promote this balance such as paid time off and holidays, parental leave, dependent care flexible spending accounts, the employee assistance program and the Delek Employee Care Fund. We also believe in investing in our employees’ social and community health. To foster a better community for our employees, we provide programs such as at-work socials, after-hours company sponsored recreation events, the Delek Day of Caring, which provides community volunteer opportunities and the Delek Fund for Hope, which supports 501(c)(3) non-profits in the communities where our employees live and work.

Health and Safety Initiatives

Delek is committed to creating a safe work environment through programs in personal safety, process safety, health and wellness programs, and facility and employee security. In 2018, we launched the “I Own It” program to emphasize the importance of individual responsibility and accountability for a safe workplace. Under this program, every employee at every level is encouraged to sign on to four tiers of commitment: 1. Act Safe, Be Safe (commitment to self), 2. See Something, Say Something (commitment to others), 3. Enable and Support Safety (commitment to direct reports) and 4. Support the Safety Culture (commitment to the company). Participation in these safety initiatives is incentivized by Delek incorporating Health and Safety metrics as part of our bonus structure. We continuously strive to improve our safety performance with the goal of preventing all environmental spills and releases, fires, explosions, injuries and illnesses and other accidents. We use sound maintenance and work practices, safe design, employee training and incident investigations to minimize risks to our employees and our communities. We train our employees how to respond effectively to safety issues at our facilities and our retail outlets. Delek adheres to


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OSHA’s process safety management standards, the EPA’s Risk Management Program, as well as other government and industry safety standards such as those published by the American Petroleum Institute.

Fundamentally, daily safety meetings, job safety analyses and empowerment to stop work foster a culture of health, safety, and environmental awareness and accountability embraced at all levels of Delek, from manual laborers and retail employees to management and executive leadership. In addition to our culture and continual assessment, Delek expects all employees and leadership to meet safety expectations and Delek empowers our employees to make adjustments or stop work as needed in order to correct, or prevent, adverse safety or environmental conditions. Delek expects all of our contract workforce to meet the training requirements outlined by OSHA and other governing agencies. The safety content is published on the corporate website to allow service providers constant access to Delek’s message of empowerment and accountability.

Additionally, emergency response plans are developed for all Delek locations and operations. The plans are reviewed for effectiveness regularly and are communicated to affected employees through safety meetings and training. Drills and emergency exercises are conducted to ensure all employees understand their roles and responsibilities during an actual event. Delek works with local municipalities and emergency responders to ensure they are fluent in our plan and procedures. This proactive approach gives emergency responders the opportunity to ask questions and understand Delek protocols, so they are prepared in the case of an emergency.

Community Relations

Delek operates a 501(c)(3) non-profit called the Delek Fund for Hope that supports nonprofits alongside our employees and business partners in the communities where we live and work. Employees are able to give a portion of their paycheck to the Fund for Hope and/or complete volunteer hours within their local community. The Delek Day of Caring encourages employees to take paid and after hour time to volunteer with their local nonprofits.

Information Technology

In 2023, Delek made continuous advancements in key areas of information technology ("IT"), focusing on infrastructure, security, and enterprise applications. Efforts were directed towards enhancing business continuity, aiming to reduce recovery time objectives and recovery point objectives. To streamline strategic and operational alignment, the Chief Technology and Data Officer/Chief Information Officer oversees IT, operational technology ("OT"), cybersecurity, innovation, and data analytics. Concurrently, actions were taken to simplify systems, anticipating positive impacts on growth, optimal utilization of IT and OT investments, and overall cybersecurity enhancements.

A significant achievement involved the successful replacement of legacy enterprise resource planning applications with a unified instance of SAP S/4HANA. This move aligns with the enterprise information management and master data governance vision, targeting increased efficiency, security, and advancements in data analytics. Capitalizing on retail expertise, Delek improved data assurance and compliance with payment card industry standards. The incorporation of new functionalities supports enhanced store performance reporting and the integration of advanced retail technologies.

Progress was made in consolidating and transitioning towards a uniform, scalable security architecture. We continued to fortify cybersecurity across IT, OT, and Industrial control system network environments. Acknowledging the human element as a potential vulnerability, mandatory training programs for employees were intensified in both frequency and sophistication. Monthly reviews of global cybersecurity incidents are now integral to ensure robust mitigation measures against potential threats. Notably, Delek has maintained a clean cybersecurity record over the last three years, without any significant breaches, net expenses, penalties, or settlements. The ongoing commitment involves consistent evaluation and enhancement of the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information and technology assets.

Corporate Headquarters

We lease our corporate headquarters at 310 Seven Springs Way, Suite 400 and 500, Brentwood, Tennessee. The lease is for 56,141 square feet of office space. The lease term expires January 31, 2030.

Liens and Encumbrances

The majority of the assets described in this Form 10-K are pledged and encumbered under certain of our debt facilities. See Note 10 of the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information.


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Risk Factors

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

We are subject to numerous known and unknown risks, many of which are presented below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. You should carefully consider each of the following risks and all of the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K in evaluating us and our common stock. Any of the risk factors described below, or additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us, or that we currently deem immaterial, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. The headings provided in this Item 1A are for convenience and reference purposes only and shall not limit or otherwise affect the extent or interpretation of the risk factors.

Risks Relating to Our Industries

Developments which impact the global oil markets have had, may continue to have, or may have an adverse impact on our business, our future results of operations and our overall financial performance.

While our operations are focused primarily in the Gulf Coast Region (PADD III), our business is impacted by events and developments that impact the global markets for oil and other energy products. Any regional or global event or development that destabilizes worldwide economic and commercial activity, financial markets, or the demand for and prices of oil and gas products could materially adversely affect our business and operations. In recent years, the outbreak of COVID-19 and its development into a pandemic in early 2020 (the "COVID-19 Pandemic" or the "Pandemic"), the war between Russia and Ukraine ("the Russia-Ukraine War"), Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ("OPEC")-Russia relationship, and the conflict between Israel and Hamas have been sources of uncertainty in the global oil markets, substantial global supply chain issues, and significant disruptions in the labor market.

Global economic growth drives demand for energy from all sources, including fossil fuels. Should the U.S. or global economies experience weakness, demand for energy may decline. Should growth in global energy production outstrip demand, excess supplies may arise. Declines in demand and excess supplies may result in accompanying declines in commodity prices and deterioration of our financial position along with our ability to operate profitably and our ability to obtain financing to support operations. Conversely, should demand for energy outstrip global supply, commodity prices are likely to rise. With respect to our business, we have experienced periodic declines in demand thought to be associated with slowing economic growth in certain markets, including the effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic, coupled with new oil and gas supplies coming on line and other circumstances beyond our control that resulted in oil and gas supply exceeding global demand which, in turn, resulted in steep declines in prices of oil and natural gas. At times, we have also experienced declines in the supply of inputs thought to be associated with supply chain issues and disruptions in the labor market. There can be no assurance as to how long such uncertainty will persist or that a recurrence of price weakness will not arise in the future.

The ultimate extent of the impact of volatile conditions in the oil and gas industry on our business, financial condition, results of operation and liquidity will depend largely on future developments which are outside of our control, including the extent and duration of any price reductions, any additional decisions by OPEC and disputes between the members of OPEC+. Furthermore, developments in the global oil markets may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described below.

A regional or global disease outbreak could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operation and liquidity.

Like the COVID-19 Pandemic, a regional or global disease outbreak could result in financial and operational impacts that have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operation and liquidity.

Any regional or global disease outbreak may result in modifications to our business practices, including limiting employee and contractor presence at certain work locations, limiting travel and reducing capital expenditures. We may take further actions as required by government authorities or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, contractors, customers, suppliers and communities. However, there is no assurance that such measures will be sufficient to mitigate the risks posed by any outbreak, and our ability to successfully execute our business operations could be adversely impacted. In addition, a regional or global disease outbreak could result in additional impairments of long-lived or indefinite-lived assets, including goodwill, at some point in the future. Such impairment charges could be material.

It is difficult to predict how significant the impact of any regional or global disease outbreak and any responses to such events will be on the U.S. and global economies and our business or for how long disruptions are likely to continue. The extent of such impact will depend on future developments and factors outside of our control, including new information which may emerge concerning the severity or duration of such disease, the evolving governmental and private sector actions to contain the pandemic or treat its health, economic, and other impacts, and the timing and effectiveness of the ongoing rollout of currently available vaccines.

To the extent any regional or global disease outbreak impacts our business or the global markets for our products, it could have a material adverse affect on our business, financial condition, results of operation and liquidity.


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Risk Factors

A substantial or extended decline in refining margins would reduce our operating results and cash flows and could materially and adversely impact our future rate of growth and the carrying value of our assets.

Our earnings, cash flow and profitability from our refining operations are substantially determined by the difference between the market price of refined products and the market price of crude oil, which often move independently of each other and are referred to as the crack spread, refining margin or refined products margin. Refining margins historically have been volatile, and we believe they will continue to be volatile. Although we monitor our refinery operating margins and seek to optimize results by adjusting throughput volumes, throughput types and product slates, there are inherent limitations on our ability to offset the effects of adverse market conditions.

Many of the factors influencing changes in crack spreads and refining margins are beyond our control. These factors include:

•changes in global and local economic conditions;

•domestic and foreign supply and demand for crude oil and refined products, including changes in the availability and cost of inputs from price inflation and supply chain disruptions;

•the level of foreign and domestic production of crude oil and refined petroleum products;

•changes in the rate of inflation (including the cost of raw materials, labor, commodities, and supplies) and interest rates;

•increased regulation of feedstock production activities, such as hydraulic fracturing;

•infrastructure limitations that restrict, or events that disrupt, the distribution of crude oil, other feedstocks and refined petroleum products;

•excess or overbuilt infrastructure;

•an increase or decrease of infrastructure limitations (or the perception that such an increase or decrease could occur) on the distribution of crude oil, other feedstocks or refined products;

•investor speculation in commodities;

•worldwide political conditions, particularly in significant oil producing regions such as the Middle East, Africa, the former Soviet Union and South America;

•the ability or inability of the members of OPEC to maintain oil price and production controls;

•pricing and other actions taken by competitors that impact the market;

•the level of crude oil, other feedstocks and refined petroleum products imported into and exported out of the U. S.;

•excess capacity and utilization rates of refineries worldwide;

•development and marketing of alternative and competing fuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel;

•changes in fuel specifications required by environmental and other laws, particularly with respect to oxygenates and sulfur content;

•local factors, including market conditions, adverse weather conditions and the level of operations of other refineries and pipelines in our markets;

•volatility in the costs of natural gas and electricity used by our refineries;

•accidents, interruptions in transportation, inclement weather, earthquakes, or other events, including cyber-attacks, that can cause unscheduled shutdowns or otherwise adversely affect our refineries or the supply and delivery of crude oil from third parties; and

•U.S. government regulations.

Some of these factors can vary by region and may change quickly, adding to market volatility, while others may have longer-term effects. The long-term effects of these and other factors on prices for crude oil, refinery feedstocks and refined products could be substantial.

The crude oil we purchase, and the refined products we sell, are commodities whose prices are mainly determined by market forces beyond our control. While an increase or decrease in the price of crude oil will often result in a corresponding increase or decrease in the wholesale price of refined products, a change in the price of one commodity does not always result in a corresponding change in the other. A substantial or prolonged increase in crude oil prices without a corresponding increase in refined product prices, or a substantial or prolonged decrease in refined product prices without a corresponding decrease in crude oil prices, could also have a significant negative effect on our results of operations and cash flows. This is especially true for non-transportation refined products, such as asphalt, butane, coke, sulfur, propane and slurry, whose prices are less likely to correlate to fluctuations in the price of crude oil, all of which we produce at our refineries.

Also, the price for a significant portion of the crude oil processed at our refineries is based upon the WTI benchmark for such oil rather than the Brent Crude benchmark. While the prices for WTI and Brent historically correlate to one another, elevated supply of WTI-priced crude oil in the Mid-Continent region has caused WTI prices to fall significantly below Brent prices at different points in time in recent years. Our ability to purchase and process favorably priced crude oil has allowed us to achieve higher net income and cash flow in certain years; however, we cannot assure that these favorable conditions will continue.

The narrowing, and in some cases inversion, in the price differential between WTI and Brent benchmarks in 2021 and 2020 has negatively impacted our results of operations in the past. Narrowing or inversion in the price differential between the WTI and Brent benchmarks for any reason, including, without limitation, increased crude oil distribution capacity from the Permian Basin, crude oil exports from the U. S. or actual or perceived reductions in Mid-Continent crude oil inventories, could further negatively impact our earnings and cash flows, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, because the premium or discount we pay for a portion of the crude oil processed at our refineries is established based upon this differential during the month prior to the month in which the crude oil is processed, rapid decreases in the differential may negatively affect our results of operations and cash flows.


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Risk Factors

Additionally, governmental and regulatory actions, including continued resolutions by OPEC to restrict crude oil production levels and executive actions by the U.S. presidential administration to advance certain energy infrastructure projects may continue to impact crude oil prices and crude oil differentials. Any increase in crude oil prices or unfavorable movements in crude oil differentials due to such actions or changing regulatory environment may negatively impact our ability to acquire crude oil at economical prices and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We operate in a highly regulated industry and increased costs of compliance with, or liability for violation of, existing or future laws, regulations and other requirements could significantly increase our costs of doing business, thereby adversely affecting our profitability.

Our industry is subject to extensive laws, regulations, permits and other requirements including, but not limited to, those relating to the environment, fuel composition, safety, transportation, pipeline tariffs, employment, labor, immigration, minimum wages, overtime pay, health care benefits, working conditions, public accessibility, retail fuel pricing, the sale of alcohol and tobacco and other requirements. These permits, laws and regulations are enforced by federal agencies including the EPA, DOT, PHMSA, FMCSA, Federal Railroad Administration ("FRA"), OSHA, National Labor Relations Board, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC"), Federal Trade Commission ("FTC") and the FERC, and numerous other state and federal agencies. We anticipate that compliance with environmental, health and safety regulations could require us to spend significant amounts in capital costs during the next five years. These estimates do not include amounts related to capital investments that management has deemed to be strategic investments. These amounts could materially change as a result of governmental and regulatory actions.

Various permits, licenses, registrations and other authorizations are required under these laws for the operation of our refineries, biodiesel facilities, terminals, pipelines, retail locations and related operations, and these permits are subject to renewal and modification that may require operational changes involving significant costs. If key permits cannot be renewed or are revoked, the ability to continue operation of the affected facilities could be threatened.

Ongoing compliance with, or violation of, laws, regulations and other requirements could also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We face potential exposure to future claims and lawsuits involving environmental matters, including, but not limited to, surface water, ground water, and wetlands contamination, air pollution, personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by substances we manufactured, handled, used, released or disposed. We are, and have been, the subject of various state, federal and private proceedings relating to environmental regulations, conditions and inquiries.

In addition, new legal requirements, new interpretations of existing legal requirements, increased legislative activity and governmental enforcement and other developments could require us to make additional unforeseen expenditures. Companies in the petroleum industry, such as us, are often the target of activist and regulatory activity regarding pricing, safety, environmental compliance, derivatives trading and other business practices, which could result in price controls, fines, increased taxes or other actions affecting the conduct of our business. The specific impact of laws and regulations or other actions may vary depending on a number of factors, including the age and location of operating facilities, marketing areas, crude oil and feedstock sources and production processes.

Environmental regulations are becoming more stringent, and new environmental and safety laws and regulations are continuously being enacted or proposed. Compliance with any future legislation or regulation of our produced fuels, including renewable fuel or carbon content, GHG emissions, sulfur, benzene or other toxic content, vapor pressure, octane; or other fuel characteristics, may result in increased capital and operating costs and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions or results of operations. While it is impractical to predict the impact that potential regulatory and activist activity may have, such future activity may result in increased costs to operate and maintain our facilities, as well as increased capital outlays to improve our facilities. Such future activity could also adversely affect our ability to expand production, result in damaging publicity about us, or reduce demand for our products. Our need to incur costs associated with complying with any resulting new legal or regulatory requirements that are substantial and not adequately provided for, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Regulation of Hazardous Waste

We generate wastes that may be subject to RCRA and comparable state and local requirements. The EPA and various state agencies have limited the approved methods of managing, transporting, recycling and disposing of hazardous and certain non-hazardous wastes. Our refineries are large quantity generators of hazardous waste and require hazardous waste permits issued by the EPA or state agencies. Additionally, certain of our other facilities, such as terminals and biodiesel plants, generate lesser quantities of hazardous wastes.

Under RCRA, CERCLA and other federal, state and local environmental laws, as the owner or operator of refineries, biodiesel plants, bulk terminals, pipelines, tank farms, rail cars, trucks and retail locations, we may be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of contamination at our existing or former locations, whether we knew of, or were responsible for, the presence of such contamination. We have incurred such liability in the past, and several of our current and former locations are the subject of ongoing remediation projects. The failure to timely report and properly remediate contamination may subject us to liability to third parties and may adversely affect our ability to sell or rent our property or to borrow money using our property as collateral. Additionally, persons who arrange for the disposal or treatment of hazardous substances also may be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of these substances at sites where they are located, regardless of whether the site is owned or operated by that person. We typically arrange for the treatment or disposal of hazardous substances generated by our refining and other operations. Therefore, we may be liable for removal or remediation costs associated with releases of these substances at third party


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Risk Factors

locations, as well as other related costs, including fines, penalties and damages resulting from injuries to persons, property and natural resources. In the future, we may incur substantial expenditures for investigation or remediation of contamination that has not been discovered at our current or former locations or locations that we may acquire or at third party sites where hazardous substances from these locations have been treated or disposed.

Risks Related to Air Emissions Regulations

Our operations are subject to certain requirements of the CAA, as well as related state and local laws and regulations governing air emissions. Certain CAA regulatory programs applicable to our refineries, terminals and other operations require capital expenditures for the installation of air pollution control devices, operational procedures to minimize emissions and monitoring and reporting of emissions.

A consent decree was entered in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas in June 2019 resolving alleged historical violations of the CAA at our Big Spring refinery. In addition to a civil penalty of $0.5 million that we paid in June 2019, we will be required to expend capital for pollution control equipment that may be significant over the next 5 years. According to the EPA, approximately 95% of the nation's refining capacity has entered into "global" settlements under the EPA National Refinery Initiative.

In 2015, the EPA finalized reductions in the NAAQS for ozone, from 75 ppb to 70 ppb. Our Tyler refinery is located near areas classified as being in non-attainment with the new standard. However, the refinery area has not been classified as being in non-attainment with the new standard. If air quality near our facilities worsens in the future, it is possible that these area(s) could be reclassified as being in non-attainment for the new ozone standard which could require us to install additional air pollution control equipment for ozone forming emissions in the future. We do not believe such capital expenditures, or the changes in our operation, will result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

In late 2015, the EPA finalized additional rules regulating refinery air emissions from a variety of sources (such as cokers, flares, tanks and other process units) through additional New Source Performance Standard and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants and changing the way emissions from startup, shutdown and malfunction operations are regulated (the "Refinery Risk and Technology Review Rules" or “RTR”). The RTR rule also requires that we monitor property line benzene concentrations at our refineries, and report those concentrations quarterly to the EPA, which will make the results available to the public. Even though the concentrations are not expected to exceed regulatory or health-based standards, we have experienced some time periods above the action level, and have taken the corrective actions required by the RTR for those time periods. The availability of such data may increase the likelihood of lawsuits against our refineries by the local public or organized public interest groups.

In addition to our operations, many of the fuel products we manufacture are subject to requirements of the CAA, as well as related state and local laws and regulations. The EPA has the authority, under the CAA, to modify the formulation of the refined transportation fuel products we manufacture, in order to limit the emissions associated with their final use. We have purchased credits in the past to comply with these content requirements for two of our refineries. Although credits have been readily available, there can be no assurance that such credits will continue to be available for purchase at reasonable prices, or at all, and we could have to implement capital projects in the future to reduce benzene levels.

Risks Related to Water Emissions Regulations

Our operations are also subject to the CWA, the OPA-90 and comparable state and local requirements regulating emissions into waterways, groundwater and wetlands. With respect to wetlands, the U.S. Supreme Court’s 2023 decision in Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency narrowed federal jurisdiction over wetlands under the CWA, which could reduce the level of regulation of our activities under the CWA. However, it is expected that further clarifications and changes may arise through implementing federal regulations, additional litigation over application of the Court’s decision, and/or state laws and regulations. As a result of this uncertainty, we could face increased or unexpected operating costs or other impediments that could alter the way we conduct our business, which could in turn have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Transportation Regulations

We are subject to regulation by the DOT and various state agencies in connection with our pipeline, trucking and rail transportation operations. These regulatory authorities exercise broad powers, governing activities such as the authorization to operate hazardous materials pipelines and engage in motor carrier operations. There are additional regulations specifically relating to the transportation industry, including integrity management of pipelines, testing and specification of equipment, product handling and labeling requirements and personnel qualifications. The transportation industry is subject to possible regulatory and legislative changes that may affect the economics of our business by requiring changes in operating practices or pipeline construction or by changing the demand for common or contract carrier services or the cost of providing trucking services. Possible changes include, among other things, increasingly stringent environmental regulations, increased frequency and stringency for testing and repairing pipelines, replacement of older pipelines, changes in the hours of service regulations that govern the amount of time a driver may drive in any specific period, on-board black box recorder devices or limits on vehicle weight and size and properties of the materials that can be shipped. Required changes to the specifications governing rail cars carrying crude oil will eliminate the most commonly used tank cars or require that such cars be upgraded. In addition to the substantial remediation costs that could be caused by leaks or spills from our pipelines, regulators could prohibit our use of affected portions of the pipeline for extended periods, thereby interrupting the delivery of crude oil to, or the distribution of refined products from, our refineries.


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Risk Factors

In addition, the DOT has issued guidelines with respect to securing regulated facilities such as our bulk terminals against terrorist attack. We have instituted security measures and procedures in accordance with such guidelines to enhance the protection of certain of our facilities. We cannot provide any assurance that these security measures would fully protect our facilities from an attack.

Our operating responsibility for bulk product terminals and refined product pipelines includes responsibility to ensure the quality and purity of the products loaded at our loading racks. If our quality control measures were to fail, we may have contaminated or off-specification products in pipelines and storage tanks or off-specification product could be sent to public gasoline stations. These types of incidents could result in product liability claims from our customers, as well as negative publicity. Product liability is a significant commercial risk. Substantial damage awards have been made in certain jurisdictions against manufacturers and resellers based upon claims for injuries caused by the use of or exposure to various products. There can be no assurance that product liability claims against us would not have a material adverse effect on our business or results of operations or our ability to maintain existing customers or retain new customers.

Risks Related to Workplace Safety Regulations

Our operations are subject to various laws and regulations relating to occupational health and safety and process safety administered by OSHA, the EPA and various state equivalent agencies. We maintain safety, training, design standards, mechanical integrity and maintenance programs as part of our ongoing efforts to ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations and to protect the safety of our workers and the public. More stringent laws or regulations or adverse changes in the interpretation of existing laws or regulations by government agencies could have an adverse effect on our financial position and the results of our operations and could require substantial expenditures for the installation and operation of systems and equipment.

Health and safety legislation and regulations change frequently. We cannot predict what additional health and safety legislation or regulations will be enacted or become effective in the future or how existing or future laws or regulations will be administered or interpreted with respect to our operations. Compliance with applicable health and safety laws and regulations has required, and continues to require, substantial expenditures. Future process safety rules could also mandate changes to the way we operate, the processes and chemicals we use and the materials from which our process units are constructed. Such regulations could have a significant negative effect on our operations and profitability.

The availability and cost of RINs and other required credits could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Pursuant to the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act, the EPA promulgated the RFS-2 regulations reflecting the increased volume of renewable fuels mandated to be blended into the nation's fuel supply. The regulations, in part, require refiners to add annually increasing amounts of “renewable fuels” to their petroleum products or purchase credits, known as RINs in lieu of such blending. While we are able to obtain many of the RINs required for compliance by blending renewable fuels manufactured by third parties or by our own biodiesel plants, we must also purchase RINs on the open market in order to comply with the quantity of renewable fuels we are required to blend under the RFS-2 regulations. Since the EPA first began mandating biofuels in excess of the “blend wall” (the 10% ethanol limit prescribed by most automobile warranties), the price of RINs has been extremely volatile. While we cannot predict the future prices of RINs, the costs to obtain the necessary number of RINs could be material. If we are unable to pass the costs of compliance with the RFS-2 regulations on to our customers, if sufficient RINs are unavailable for purchase, if we have to pay a significantly higher price for RINs or if we are otherwise unable to meet the RFS-2 mandates, our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

In the past, we have received small refinery exemptions under the RFS-2 program for certain of our refineries. However, there is no assurance that such an exemption will be obtained for any of our refineries in future years. In June 2022, the EPA denied the petitions for small refinery exemptions for prior period compliance years.

In addition, the RFS-2 regulations are highly complex and evolving, requiring us to periodically update our compliance systems. The RFS-2 regulations require the EPA to determine and publish the applicable annual volume and percentage standards for each compliance year by November 30 for the forthcoming year, and such blending percentages could be higher or lower than amounts estimated and accrued for in our consolidated financial statements. The future cost of RINs is difficult to estimate until such time as the EPA finalizes the applicable standards for the forthcoming compliance year. Moreover, in addition to increased price volatility in the RINs market, there have been multiple instances of RINs fraud occurring in the marketplace over the past several years. The EPA has initiated several enforcement actions against refiners who purchase fraudulent RINs, resulting in substantial costs to the refiner. While the EPA promulgated a rule in June 2019 aiming to improve transparency in the market for RINs, we cannot predict with certainty our exposure to increased RINs costs in the future, nor can we predict the extent by which costs associated with RFS-2 regulations will impact our future results of operations.


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Risk Factors

Increased supply of and demand for alternative transportation fuels, increased fuel economy standards and increased use of alternative means of transportation could lead to a decrease in transportation fuel prices and/or a reduction in demand for petroleum-based transportation fuels.

As regulatory initiatives have required an increase in the consumption of renewable transportation fuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, consumer acceptance of electric, hybrid and other alternative vehicles is increasing. Increased use of renewable fuels and alternative vehicles may result in a decrease in demand for petroleum-based transportation fuels. Increased use of renewable fuels may also result in an increase in transportation fuel supply relative to decreased demand and a corresponding decrease in margins. A significant decrease in transportation fuel margins or demand for petroleum-based transportation fuels could have an adverse impact on our financial results. As described above, RFS-2 required replacement of increasing amounts of petroleum-based transportation fuels with biofuels through 2022. RFS-2 and widespread use of E-15 or E-85 could cause decreased crude runs and materially affect our profitability, unless fuel demand rises at a comparable rate or other outlets are found for the displaced petroleum products.

In 2012, the EPA and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ("NHTSA") finalized rules raising the required Corporate Average Fuel Economy and GHG standards for passenger vehicles beginning with 2017 model year vehicles and increasing to the equivalent of 54.5 mpg by 2025. These standards were reaffirmed by the EPA in January 2017, but that action was subsequently withdrawn on April 13, 2018. Additional increases in fuel efficiency standards for medium and heavy-duty vehicles were finalized in 2016. On August 10, 2021, the NHTSA proposed to amend the Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards previously published in 2020 (for model years 2024-2026) to increase the stringency at a rate of 8% per year, rather than the 1.5% set previously. Such increases in fuel economy standards and potential electrification of the vehicle fleet, along with mandated increases in use of renewable fuels discussed above, could result in decreasing demand for petroleum fuels, which, in turn, could materially affect profitability at our refineries.

To meet higher fuel efficiency and GHG emission standards for passenger vehicles, automobile manufacturers are increasingly using technologies, such as turbocharging, direct injection and higher compression ratios that require high octane gasoline. Many auto manufacturers have expressed a desire that only a high-octane grade of gasoline be allowed in order to maximize fuel efficiency, rather than the three octane grades common now. Regulatory changes allowing only one high-octane grade, or significant increases in market demand for high-octane fuel, could result in a shift to high-octane ethanol blends containing 25% - 30% ethanol, the need for capital expenditures at our refineries to increase octane or reduced demand for petroleum fuels, which could materially affect profitability of our refineries.

Competition in the refining and logistics industry is intense, and an increase in competition in the markets in which we sell our products could adversely affect our earnings and profitability.

We compete with a broad range of companies in our refining and petroleum product operations. Many of these competitors are integrated, multinational oil companies that are substantially larger than us. Because of their diversity, integration of operations, larger capitalization, larger and more complex refineries and greater resources, these companies may be better able to withstand volatile market conditions relating to crude oil and refined product pricing, compete on the basis of price, obtain crude oil in times of shortage, and withstand weather disruptions.

We do not engage in petroleum exploration or production, and therefore do not produce any of our crude oil feedstocks. Certain of our competitors, however, obtain a portion of their feedstocks from company-owned production activities. Competitors that have their own crude oil production are at times able to offset losses from refining operations with profits from producing operations and may be better positioned to withstand periods of depressed refining margins or feedstock shortages. If we are unable to compete effectively with these competitors, there could be a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our retail segment is subject to loss of market share or pressure to reduce prices in order to compete effectively with a changing group of competitors in a fragmented retail industry.

The markets in which we operate our retail fuel and convenience stores are highly competitive and characterized by ease of entry and constant change in the number and type of retailers offering the products and services found in our stores. We compete with other convenience store chains, gas stations, supermarkets, drug stores, discount stores, dollar stores, club stores, mass merchants, fast food operations, independent owner-operators and other retail outlets. In some of our markets, our competitors have been in existence longer and have greater financial, marketing and other resources than us. In addition, independent owner-operators can generally operate stores with lower overhead costs than ours. As a result, our competitors may be able to respond better to changes in the economy and new opportunities within the industry.

Several non-traditional retailers, such as supermarkets, club stores and mass merchants, have affected the convenience store industry by entering the retail fuel business and/or selling merchandise traditionally found in convenience stores. Many of these competitors are substantially larger than we are. Because of their diversity, integration of operations and greater resources, these companies may be better able to withstand volatile market conditions or levels of low or no profitability. In addition, these retailers may use promotional pricing or discounts, both at the pump and in the store, to encourage in-store merchandise sales. These activities by our competitors could adversely affect our profit margins. Our convenience stores could lose market share, relating to both gasoline and merchandise, to these and other retailers, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and cash flows. Our convenience stores compete in large part based on their ability to offer convenience to customers. Consequently, changes in traffic patterns and the type, number and location of competing stores could result in the loss of customers and reduced sales and profitability at affected stores. These non-traditional gasoline and/or convenience merchandise retailers may obtain a significant share of the retail fuels market, may obtain a significant share of the convenience store merchandise market and their market share in each market is expected to grow.


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We may seek to diversify and expand our retail fuel and convenience store operations, which may present operational and competitive challenges.

We may seek to grow by selectively operating stores in geographic areas other than those in which we currently operate, or in which we currently have a relatively small number of stores. This growth strategy would present numerous operational and competitive challenges to our senior management and employees and would place significant pressure on our operating systems. In addition, we cannot assure that consumers located in the regions in which we may expand our operations would be as receptive to our stores as consumers in our existing markets. The success of any such growth plans will depend in part upon our ability to:

•select, and compete successfully in, new markets;

•obtain suitable sites at acceptable costs;

•realize an acceptable return on the capital invested in new facilities;

•hire, train, and retain qualified personnel;

•integrate new retail fuel and convenience stores into our existing distribution, inventory control, and information systems;

•expand relationships with our suppliers or develop relationships with new suppliers; and

•secure adequate financing, to the extent required.

We cannot assure that we will achieve our development goals, manage our growth effectively, or operate our existing and new retail fuel and convenience stores profitability. The failure to achieve any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Decreases in commodity prices may lessen our borrowing capacities, increase collateral requirements for derivative instruments or cause a write-down of inventory.

The nature of our business requires us to maintain substantial quantities of crude oil, refined petroleum product and blendstock inventories. Because these inventories are commodities, we have no control over their changing market value. For example, reductions in the value of our inventories or accounts receivable as a result of lower commodity prices could result in a reduction in our borrowing base calculations and a reduction in the amount of financial resources available to meet the refineries' credit requirements. Further, if at any time our availability under certain of our revolving credit facilities falls below certain thresholds, we may be required to take steps to reduce our utilization under those credit facilities. In addition, changes in commodity prices may require us to utilize substantial amounts of cash to settle or cash collateralize some or all of our existing commodity hedges. Finally, because our inventory is valued at the lower of cost or market value, we would record a write-down of inventory and a non-cash charge to cost of sales if the market value of the inventory were to decline to an amount below our cost.

Acts of terror or sabotage, threats of war, armed conflict, or war may have an adverse impact on our business, our future results of operations and our overall financial performance.

Acts of sabotage or terrorist attacks (including cyber-attacks), threats of war, armed conflict, or war, as well as events occurring in response to or in connection with them, including political instability in significant oil producing regions such as the Middle East, Africa, the former Soviet Union and South America, may harm our business or have an adverse impact on our future results of operations and financial condition. This risk, and others dependent on geopolitical factors, may be heightened as a result of ongoing conflicts such as the Russia-Ukraine war and Israel-Hamas war and events occurring in response thereto.

Energy-related assets (which could include refineries, pipelines and terminals) may be at greater risk of future terrorist attacks than other possible targets in the U.S. direct attack on our assets, or the assets of others used by us, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Uncertainty surrounding new or continued global hostilities or other sustained military campaigns, sanctions brought by the U.S. and other countries, and the possibility that infrastructure facilities could be direct targets of, or indirect casualties of, an act of terror, armed conflict or war may affect our operations in unpredictable ways, including disruptions of crude oil supplies and markets for refined products. In addition, any terrorist attack, armed conflict, war or political instability in significant oil producing regions such as the Middle East, Africa, the former Soviet Union and South America could have an adverse impact on energy prices, including prices for crude oil, other feedstocks and refined petroleum products, and an adverse impact on the margins from our refining and petroleum product marketing operations. The long-term impacts of terrorist attacks and the threat of future terrorist attacks on the energy transportation industry in general, and on us in particular, are unknown. Increased security measures taken by us as a precaution against possible terrorist attacks or vandalism could result in increased costs to our business. In addition, disruption or significant increases in energy prices could result in government-imposed price controls. Any one of, or a combination of, these occurrences could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Further, changes in the insurance markets attributable to terrorist attacks or acts of sabotage could make certain types of insurance more difficult for us to obtain. Moreover, the insurance that may be available to us may be significantly more expensive than our existing insurance coverage. Instability in the financial markets as a result of terrorism, sabotage or war could also affect our ability to raise capital, including our ability to repay or refinance debt.


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Risk Factors

Legislative and regulatory measures to address climate change and GHG emissions could increase our operating costs or decrease demand for our refined products.

Various legislative and regulatory measures to address climate change and GHG emissions (including carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxides) are in various phases of discussion or implementation and could affect our operations. They include proposed and enacted federal regulation and state actions to develop statewide, regional or nationwide programs designed to control and reduce GHG emissions from fixed sources, such as our refineries, coal-fired power plants and oil and gas production operations, as well as mobile transportation sources and fuels. Many states and regions have implemented, or are in the process of implementing, measures to reduce emissions of GHGs, primarily through cap and trade programs or low carbon fuel standards.

In December 2009, the EPA published its findings that emissions of GHGs present a danger to public health and the environment because emissions of such gases are, according to the EPA, contributing to the warming of the Earth’s atmosphere and other climatic conditions. Based on these findings, the EPA adopted two sets of regulations that restrict emissions of GHGs under existing provisions of the federal CAA, including one that requires a reduction in emissions of GHGs from motor vehicles and another that regulates GHG emissions from certain large stationary sources under the PSD and Title V permitting programs. Congress has also from time to time considered legislation to reduce emissions of GHGs. Efforts have been made, and continue to be made, in the international community toward the adoption of international treaties or protocols that would address global climate change issues. In April 2016, the U.S. became a signatory to the 2015 United Nations Conference on Climate Change, which led to the creation of the Paris Agreement. In addition, a number of state and local governments in the U.S. have expressed intentions to take, or have taken, action to reduce GHG emissions.

More aggressive efforts by governments and non-governmental organizations to reduce GHG emissions appear likely and any such future laws and regulations could result in increased compliance costs or additional operating restrictions applicable to our customers and/or us, and any increase in the prices of refined products resulting from such increased costs, GHG cap-and-trade programs or taxes on GHGs, could result in reduced demand for our refined petroleum products. For example, in August 2022, the U.S. Senate passed the Inflation Reduction Act, which imposes a charge on methane emissions from certain petroleum system facilities and could have an indirect impact on demand for the goods and services of our business. Our business could also be impacted by governmental initiatives to incentivize the conservation of energy or the use of alternative energy sources.

Although it is not possible to predict the requirements of any GHG legislation that may be enacted, any laws or regulations that have been or may be adopted to restrict or reduce GHG emissions will likely require us to incur increased operating and capital costs and/or increased taxes on GHG emissions and petroleum fuels, and any increase in the prices of refined products resulting from such increased costs, GHG cap and trade programs or taxes on GHGs, could result in reduced demand for our petroleum fuels. As part of our strategy review process, we review hydrocarbon demand forecasts and assesses the impact on our business model, plans, and future estimates of reserves. In addition, we evaluate other lower-carbon technologies that could complement our existing assets, strategy and competencies as part of its long-term capital allocation strategy.

There is also increased agency interest in polyfluoroalkyl substances or PFAS. In September 2022, the EPA proposed to designate two PFAS compounds as hazardous substances. If PFAS compounds are designated as hazardous substances, the EPA and states could have the ability to order remediation of those compounds and cost recovery at clean-up sites. The EPA and states could also have the authority to reopen closed sites which are shown to be impacted by these PFAS compounds. This could lead to increased monitoring obligations and potential liability related thereto.

If we are unable to maintain sales of our refined products at a price that reflects such increased costs, there could be a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. GHG regulation, including taxes on the GHG content of fuels, could also impact the consumption of refined products, thereby affecting our refinery operations.

Increasing attention to environmental, social and governance matters may impact our business, financial results, cost of capital, or stock price.

In recent years, increasing attention has been given to corporate activities related to ESG matters in public discourse and the investment community. A number of advocacy groups, both domestically and internationally, have campaigned for governmental and private action to promote change at public companies related to ESG matters, including through the investment and voting practices of investment advisers, public pension funds, universities and other members of the investing community.


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Risk Factors

These activities include increasing attention and demands for action related to climate change, promoting the use of substitutes to fossil fuel products, litigation and encouraging the divestment of companies in the fossil fuel industry. For example, in recent years, private litigation has been increasingly initiated against oil and gas companies by local and state agencies and private parties alleging climate change impacts arising from their operations and seeking damages and equitable relief. We have not had any climate change litigation initiated against us to date and we cannot reasonably predict whether any such litigation will be initiated against us or, if initiated, what the outcome would be. If any such litigation were to be initiated against us, at a minimum, we would incur legal and other expenses to defend such lawsuits, which amounts may be significant. If we failed to prevail in any such litigation and were required to pay significant damages and/or materially alter the manner in which we conduct our business, there could be a material adverse impact on our operations, financial condition or results of operations. The increasing attention given to ESG activities and a shift by consumers to more fuel-efficient or alternative fuel vehicles could reduce demand for our products, reduce our profits, increase the potential for investigations and litigation, impair our brand and have negative impacts on our stock price and access to capital markets. Additionally, increased attention may increase opposition to the development, permitting, construction or operation of our pipelines and facilities from environmental groups, landowners, local groups and other advocates. In addition to litigation, such opposition may take the form of organized protests, attempts to block or sabotage our operations, intervention in regulatory or administrative proceedings involving our assets or other actions designed to prevent, disrupt or delay the development, operation, or maintenance of our assets and business.

In addition, organizations that provide information to investors on corporate governance and related matters have developed ratings systems for evaluating companies on their approach to ESG matters. These ratings are used by some investors to inform their investment and voting decisions. Unfavorable ESG ratings may lead to increased negative investor sentiment toward us and our industry and to the diversion of investment to other industries, which could have a negative impact on our stock price and our access to and costs of capital.

Risks Relating to Our Business

We are particularly vulnerable to disruptions to our refining operations because our refining operations are concentrated in four facilities.

Because all of our refining operations are concentrated in the Tyler, El Dorado, Big Spring and Krotz Springs refineries, significant disruptions at one of these facilities could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial results.

Our refineries consist of many processing units, a number of which have been in operation for many years. These processing units undergo periodic shutdowns, known as turnarounds, during which routine maintenance is performed to restore the operation of the equipment to a higher level of performance. Depending on which units are affected, all or a portion of a refinery's production may be halted or disrupted during a maintenance turnaround. We are also subject to unscheduled down time for unanticipated maintenance or repairs.

Refinery operations may also be disrupted by external factors, such as a suspension of feedstock deliveries, cyber-attacks, or an interruption of electricity, natural gas, water treatment or other utilities or a global pandemic such as the outbreak of the COVID-Pandemic. Other potentially disruptive factors include natural disasters, severe weather conditions, workplace or environmental accidents, interruptions of supply, work stoppages, losses of permits or authorizations or acts of terrorism.

The physical effects of climate change and severe weather present risks to our operations.

The potential physical effects of climate change and severe weather on our operations are highly uncertain and depend upon the unique geographic and environmental factors present. We have systems in place to manage potential acute physical risks, including those that may be caused by climate change, but if any such events were to occur, they could have an adverse effect on our assets and operations. Examples of potential physical risks include floods, hurricane-force winds, wildfires, freezing temperatures and snowstorms. We have incurred, and will continue to incur, costs to protect our assets from physical risks, and to employ processes, to the extent available, to mitigate such risks.

Any extreme weather events may disrupt the ability to operate our facilities or to transport crude oil, refined petroleum or petrochemical and plastics products in these areas. In addition, substantial weather-related conditions could impact our relationships and arrangements with our major customers and suppliers by materially affecting the normal flow of crude oil and refined products. For example, severe weather events could damage transportation infrastructures and lead to interruptions of our operations, including our ability to deliver our products, or increases in costs to receive crude oil. During February 2021, we experienced a severe weather event ("Winter Storm Uri") which temporarily impacted operations at all of our refineries. Due to the extreme freezing conditions, we experienced reduced throughputs at our refineries as there was a disruption in the crude supply, as well as damages to various units at our refineries requiring additional operating and capital expenditures. We recognized additional operating expenses in the amount of $17.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 due to property damaged in the freeze which was recovered during 2021. For additional information, refer to Note 13 - Commitments and Contingencies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Extended periods of such disruption could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. We could also incur substantial costs to prevent or repair damage to these facilities. Finally, depending on the severity and duration of any extreme weather events or climate conditions, our operations may need to be modified and material costs incurred, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.


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Risk Factors

Our operations are subject to business interruptions and casualty losses. Failure to manage risks associated with business interruptions and casualty losses could adversely impact our operations, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our refining and logistics operations are subject to significant hazards and risks inherent in transporting, storing and processing crude oil and intermediate and finished petroleum products. These hazards and risks include, but are not limited to, natural or weather-related disasters, fires, explosions, pipeline ruptures and spills, trucking accidents, train derailments, third-party interference, mechanical failure of equipment and other events beyond our control. The occurrence of any of these events could result in production and distribution difficulties and disruptions, personal injury or death, environmental pollution and other damage to our properties and the properties of others.

If any facility were to experience an interruption in operations, earnings from the facility could be materially adversely affected (to the extent not recoverable through insurance, if insured) because of lost production and repair costs. A significant interruption in one or more of our facilities could also lead to increased volatility in prices for feedstocks and refined products and could increase instability in the financial and insurance markets, making it more difficult for us to access capital and to obtain insurance coverage that we consider adequate. For example, in February 2021, our El Dorado refinery experienced a fire in its Penex unit and in November 2022, our Big Spring refinery experienced a fire in its diesel hydrotreater unit. For additional information, refer to Note 13 - Commitments and Contingencies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Because of these inherent dangers, our refining and logistics operations are subject to various laws and regulations relating to occupational health and safety, process and operating safety, environmental protection and transportation safety. Continued efforts to comply with applicable laws and regulations related to health, safety and the environment, or a finding of non-compliance with current regulations, could result in additional capital expenditures or operating expenses, as well as fines and penalties.

In addition, our refineries, pipelines and terminals are located in populated areas and any release of hazardous material, or catastrophic event, could affect our employees and contractors, as well as persons and property outside our property. Our pipelines, trucks and rail cars carry flammable and toxic materials on public railways and roads and across populated and/or environmentally sensitive areas and waterways that could be severely impacted in the event of a release. An accident could result in significant personal injuries and/or cause a release that results in damage to occupied areas, as well as damage to natural resources. It could also affect deliveries of crude oil to our refineries, resulting in a curtailment of operations. The costs to remediate such an accidental release and address other potential liabilities, as well as the costs associated with any interruption of operations, could be substantial. Although we maintain significant insurance coverage for such events, it may not cover all potential losses or liabilities.

In the event that personal injuries or deaths result from such events, or there are natural resource damages, we would likely incur substantial legal costs and liabilities. The extent of these costs and liabilities could exceed the limits of our available insurance. As a result, any such event could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

There are certain environmental hazards and risks inherent in our operations that could adversely affect those operations and our financial results.

The operation of refineries, pipelines, terminals and vessels is inherently subject to the risks of spills, discharges or other inadvertent releases of petroleum or hazardous substances. When these events occur, in connection with any of our refineries, pipelines or refined petroleum products terminals, or in connection with any facilities that receive our wastes or byproducts for treatment or disposal, we have in the past and could in the future be liable for costs and penalties associated with their remediation under federal, state, local and international environmental laws or common law, as well as for property damage to third parties caused by contamination from releases and spills.

The costs, scope, timelines and benefits of our refining projects may deviate significantly from our original plans and estimates.

We may experience unanticipated increases in the cost, scope and completion time for our improvement, maintenance and repair projects at our refineries. Refinery projects are generally initiated to increase the yields of higher-value products, increase our ability to process a variety of crude oil, increase production capacity, meet new regulatory requirements or maintain the safe and reliable operations of our existing assets. Equipment that we require to complete these projects may be unavailable to us at expected costs or within expected time periods. Additionally, employee or contractor labor expense may exceed our expectations. Due to these or other factors beyond our control, we may be unable to complete these projects within anticipated cost parameters and timelines.

In addition, the benefits we realize from completed projects may take longer to achieve and/or be less than we anticipated. Large-scale capital projects are typically undertaken in anticipation of achieving an acceptable level of return on the capital to be employed in the project. We base these forecasted project economics on our best estimate of future market conditions that are not within our control. Most large-scale projects take many years to complete, and during this multi-year period, market and other business conditions can change from those we forecast. Our inability to complete, and/or realize the benefits of refinery projects in a cost-efficient and timely manner, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.


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Risk Factors

We depend upon our logistics segment for a substantial portion of the crude oil supply and refined product distribution networks that serve our Tyler, Big Spring and El Dorado refineries.

Our logistics segment consists of Delek Logistics, a publicly-traded master limited partnership, and our consolidated financial statements include its consolidated financial results. As of December 31, 2023, we owned a 78.7% limited partner interest in Delek Logistics, consisting of 34,311,278 common limited partner units and the non-economic general partner interest. Delek Logistics operates a system of crude oil and refined product pipelines, distribution terminals and tankage in Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas. Delek Logistics generates revenues by charging tariffs for transporting crude oil and refined products through its pipelines, by leasing pipeline capacity to third parties, by charging fees for terminalling refined products and other hydrocarbons and storing and providing other services at its terminals.

Our Tyler, El Dorado and Big Spring refineries are substantially dependent upon Delek Logistics' assets and services under several long-term pipeline and terminal, tankage and throughput agreements expiring in 2024 through 2033. Delek Logistics is subject to its own operating and regulatory risks, including, but not limited to:

•its reliance on significant customers, including us;

•macroeconomic factors, such as commodity price volatility that could affect its customers' utilization of its assets;

•its reliance on us for near-term growth;

•sufficiency of cash flow for required distributions;

•counterparty risks, such as creditworthiness and force majeure;

•competition from third-party pipelines and terminals and other competitors in the transportation and marketing industries;

•environmental regulations;

•successful integration of acquired businesses;

•operational hazards and risks;

•pipeline tariff regulations;

•limitations on additional borrowings and other restrictions in its debt agreements; and

•other financial, operational and legal risks.

The occurrence of any of these factors could directly or indirectly affect Delek Logistics' financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Because Delek Logistics is our consolidated subsidiary, the occurrence of any of these risks could also affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Additionally, if any of these risks affect Delek Logistics' viability, its ability to serve our supply and distribution needs may be jeopardized.

For additional information about Delek Logistics, see "Logistics Segment" under Item 1 & 2. Business and Properties, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Interruptions or limitations in the supply and delivery of crude oil, or the supply and distribution of refined products, may negatively affect our refining operations and inhibit the growth of our refining operations.

We rely on Delek Logistics and third-party transportation systems for the delivery of crude oil to our refineries. We could experience an interruption or reduction of supply and delivery, or an increased cost of receiving crude oil, if the ability of these systems to transport crude oil is disrupted because of accidents, adverse weather conditions, governmental regulation, terrorism, maintenance or failure of pipelines or other delivery systems, other third-party action or other events beyond our control. The unavailability for our use, for a prolonged period of time, of any system of delivery of crude oil could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Pipeline suspensions like these could require us to operate at reduced throughput rates.

Moreover, interruptions in delivery or limitations in delivery capacity may not allow our refining operations to draw sufficient crude oil to support current refinery production or increases in refining output. In order to maintain or materially increase refining output, existing crude delivery systems may require upgrades or supplementation, which may require substantial additional capital expenditures.

In addition, the El Dorado, Big Spring and Krotz Springs refineries distribute most of their light product production through a third-party pipeline system. An interruption to, or change in, the operation of the third-party pipeline system may result in a material restriction to our distribution channels. Because demand in the local markets is limited, a material restriction to each of the refinery's distribution channels may cause us to reduce production and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We could experience an interruption or reduction of supply or delivery of refined products if our suppliers partially or completely ceased operations, temporarily or permanently. The ability of these refineries and our suppliers to supply refined products to us could be temporarily disrupted by anticipated events, such as scheduled upgrades or maintenance, as well as events beyond their control, such as unscheduled maintenance, fires, floods, storms, explosions, power outages, accidents, acts of terrorism or other catastrophic events, labor difficulties and work stoppages, governmental or private party litigation, or legislation or regulation that adversely impacts refinery operations. In addition, any reduction in capacity of other pipelines that connect with our suppliers' pipelines or our pipelines due to testing, line repair, reduced operating pressures, or other causes could result in reduced volumes of refined product supplied to our logistics segment's West Texas terminals. A reduction in the volume of refined products supplied to our West Texas terminals could adversely affect our sales and earnings.


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Risk Factors

We are subject to risks associated with significant investments in the Permian Basin.

We and our joint ventures have made and are continuing to make significant investments in infrastructure to gather crude oil from the Permian Basin in West Texas. Similar investments have been made and additional investments may be made in the future by us, our competitors or by new entrants to the markets we serve. The success of these and similar projects largely relies on the realization of anticipated market demand and growth in production in the Permian Basin. These projects typically require significant development periods, during which time demand for such infrastructure may change, production in the Permian Basin may decrease, or additional investments by competitors may be made. Lower production in the Permian Basin, or further investments by us or others in new pipelines, storage or dock capacity could result in capacity that exceeds demand, which could reduce the utilization of our gathering system and midstream assets and the related services or the prices we are able to charge for those services. There are several projects currently underway that are expected to increase pipeline capacity from the Permian Basin beyond current production. This excess capacity could decrease the differential between the Permian and end markets, resulting in a highly competitive environment for transportation services and reducing the rates for those services. When infrastructure investments in the markets we serve result in capacity that exceeds the demand in those markets, our facilities or investments could be underutilized, and rates could be unfavorably impacted, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations, financial position or cash flows, as well as our ability to pay cash distributions.

We have made investments in joint ventures which subject us to additional risks, over which we do not have full control and which have unique risks.

We have made investments in several joint ventures, and we may enter into other joint venture arrangements in the future. Generally, we have limited control over the activities of the joint venture, including the cash distribution policies of each of the joint ventures. We also have financial obligations related to our joint venture investments, some of which may be contingent on the activities of the joint ventures and the abilities of the joint ventures to obtain their own financing for their activities. Construction delays, cost increases, changes in market conditions, and other factors may result in a change in our expectations for the results of our investments in these joint ventures, and may require additional contributions from us to a joint venture.

Additionally, our joint venture partners may not always share our goals and objectives. Differences in views among the partners may result in delayed decisions or failures to agree on major matters, such as large expenditures or contractual commitments, the construction of assets or the borrowing of money, among others. Delay or failure to agree may prevent action with respect to such matters, even though such action may not serve our best interest or that of the joint venture. Accordingly, delayed decisions and disagreements could adversely affect the business and operations of the joint ventures and, in turn, our business and operations. From time to time, our joint ventures may be involved in disputes or legal proceedings which may negatively affect our investments. Accordingly, any such occurrences could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Our retail segment is dependent on fuel sales, which makes us susceptible to increases in the cost of gasoline and interruptions in fuel supply.

Our dependence on fuel sales makes us susceptible to increases in the cost of gasoline and diesel fuel, and fuel profit margins have a significant impact on our earnings. The volume of fuel sold by us, and our fuel profit margins, are affected by numerous factors beyond our control, including the supply and demand for fuel, volatility in the wholesale fuel market and the pricing policies of competitors in local markets. Although we can rapidly adjust our pump prices to reflect higher fuel costs, a material increase in the price of fuel could adversely affect demand. A material, sudden increase in the cost of fuel that causes our fuel sales to decline could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, credit card interchange fees are typically calculated as a percentage of the transaction amount rather than a percentage of gallons sold. Higher refined product prices often result in negative consequences for our retail operations, such as higher credit card expenses, lower retail fuel gross margin per gallon and reduced demand for gasoline and diesel. These conditions could result in fewer retail gallons sold and fewer retail merchandise transactions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our dependence on fuel sales also makes us susceptible to interruptions in fuel supply. Gasoline sales generate customer traffic to our retail fuel and convenience stores, and any decrease in gasoline sales, whether due to shortage or otherwise, could adversely affect our merchandise sales. A serious interruption in the supply of gasoline to our retail fuel and convenience stores could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.


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Risk Factors

General economic conditions may adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

Economic slowdowns may have serious negative consequences for our business and operating results, because our performance is subject to domestic economic conditions and their impact on levels of consumer spending. Some of the factors affecting consumer spending include general economic conditions, unemployment, consumer debt, inflation, reductions in net worth based on declines in equity markets and residential real estate values, adverse developments in mortgage markets, taxation, energy prices, interest rates, consumer confidence and other macroeconomic factors. Political instability and global health crises can also impact the global economy and decrease worldwide demand for oil and refined products. During a period of economic weakness or uncertainty, current or potential customers may travel less, reduce or defer purchases, go out of business or have insufficient funds to buy or pay for our products and services. Moreover, a financial market crisis may have a material adverse impact on financial institutions and limit access to capital and credit. This could, among other things, make it more difficult for us to obtain (or increase our cost of obtaining) capital and financing and reduce our reliance on the use of RINs financing arrangements and funded letters of credit for our operations. Our access to additional capital may not be available on terms acceptable to us or at all.

Also, because all of our operating refineries are located in the Gulf Coast Region, we primarily market our refined products in a relatively limited geographic area. As a result, we are more susceptible to regional economic conditions compared to our more geographically diversified competitors, and any unforeseen events or circumstances that affect the Gulf Coast Region could also materially and adversely affect our revenues and cash flows. The primary factors include, among other things, changes in the economy, weather conditions, demographics and population, increased supply of refined products from competitors and reductions in the supply of crude oil or other feedstocks. In the event of a shift in the supply/demand balance in the Gulf Coast Region due to changes in the local economy, an increase in aggregate refining capacity or other reasons, resulting in supply exceeding the demand in the region, our refineries may have to deliver refined products to more customers outside of the Gulf Coast Region and thus incur considerably higher transportation costs, resulting in lower refining margins, if any.

Additionally, general economic conditions in West Texas are highly dependent upon the price of crude oil. When crude oil prices exceed certain dollar per barrel thresholds, demand for people and equipment to support drilling and completion activities for the production of crude oil is robust, which supports overall economic health of the region. If crude oil prices fall below certain dollar per barrel thresholds, economic activity in the region may slow down, which could have a material adverse impact on the profitability of our business in West Texas.

We may be adversely affected by the effects of inflation.

Inflation has the potential to adversely affect our liquidity, business, financial condition and results of operations by increasing our overall cost structure, particularly if we are unable to achieve commensurate increases in the prices we charge our customers. The existence of inflation in the economy has the potential to result in higher interest rates and capital costs, supply shortages, increased costs of labor, weakening exchange rates and other similar effects. As a result of inflation, we have experienced and may continue to experience, increases in the costs of feedstocks, labor, materials, and other inputs. Although we may take measures to mitigate the impact of this inflation through pricing actions and efficiency gains, if these measures are not effective our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity could be materially adversely affected. Even if such measures are effective, there could be a difference between the timing of when these beneficial actions impact our results of operations and when the cost inflation is incurred. Additionally, the pricing actions we take could result in a decrease in market share.

Disruption of our supply chain could adversely impact our ability to refine, manufacture, transport and sell our products.

We and our suppliers use multiple forms of transportation to bring our products to market. Disruption to the timely supply of raw materials, parts, other inputs and finished goods or increases in the cost of transportation services, including due to general inflationary pressures, cost of fuel and labor, labor disputes or shortages, governmental regulation or governmental restrictions limiting specific forms of transportation, could have an adverse effect on our ability to refine, manufacture, transport and sell our products, which would adversely affect our liquidity, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business could be adversely impacted as a result of our failure to retain or attract key talent.

Our failure to retain or attract key talent with specific capabilities could interfere with our ability to execute on strategic transformation implementations, and could diminish our ability to execute and integrate strategic transactions. As a result, our ability to remain competitive in our industry sector and/or to operate effectively could be adversely impacted.

Evolving employee preferences and values, inflationary pressures, shortages in the labor market, increased employee turnover, and changes in the availability of workers could make it more difficult to retain or attract key talent and could increase labor costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, our labor costs include the cost of providing employee benefits. Inflation, and other factors, could increase the costs of providing such benefits. Failure, or any perceived failure to provide such benefits, could impact our competitive position, which could in turn negatively affect our liquidity, business, financial condition and results of operations.


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Risk Factors

We have capital needs to finance our crude oil and refined products inventory for which our internally generated cash flows or other sources of liquidity may not be adequate.

In December 2022, we entered into an Inventory Intermediation Agreement with Citi (the "Inventory Intermediation Agreement") in which Citi purchases a substantial portion of the crude oil and refined products for three of our refineries' inventory at market prices. We are obligated to repurchase from Citi all volumes upon expiration or earlier termination of this agreement, which may have a material adverse impact on our liquidity, working capital and financial condition. Termination of our Inventory Intermediation Agreement with Citi, which is scheduled to expire in January 2026, would require us to finance the products covered by the agreement at terms that may not be favorable. The availability of capital will depend upon several factors, some of which are beyond our control. In addition, if we are not able to sell our finished products to creditworthy customers, then we may be subject to delays in the collection of our accounts receivable and exposure to additional credit risk. If we cannot obtain sufficient capital, when the need arises, then we may be unable to execute our long-term operating strategy.

If there is negative publicity concerning our brand names or the brand names of our suppliers, fuel and merchandise sales in our retail segment may suffer.

Negative publicity, regardless of whether the concerns are valid, concerning food, beverage, fuel or other product quality, safety or other health concerns, facilities, employee relations or other matters may materially and adversely affect demand for products offered at our stores and could result in a decrease in customer traffic to our stores. We offer food products in our stores that are marketed under our brand names and certain nationally recognized brands. These nationally recognized brands have significant operations at facilities owned and operated by third parties and negative publicity concerning these brands as a result of events that occur at facilities that we do not control could also adversely affect customer traffic to our stores. Additionally, we may be the subject of complaints or litigation arising from food or beverage-related illness or injury in general which could have a negative impact on our business. Health concerns, poor food, beverage, fuel or other product quality or operating issues stemming from one store or a limited number of stores could materially and adversely affect the operating results of some or all of our stores and harm our proprietary brands.

Wholesale cost increases, vendor pricing programs and tax increases applicable to tobacco products, as well as campaigns to discourage their use, could adversely impact our results of operations in our retail segment.

Increases in the retail price of tobacco products as a result of increased taxes or wholesale costs could materially impact our cigarette sales volume and/or revenues, merchandise gross profit and overall customer traffic. Cigarettes are subject to substantial and increasing excise taxes at both a state and federal level. In addition, national and local campaigns to discourage the use of tobacco products may have an adverse effect on demand for these products. A reduction in cigarette sales volume and/or revenues, merchandise gross profit from tobacco products or overall customer demand for tobacco products could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition and results of operations of our retail segment.

In addition, major cigarette manufacturers currently offer substantial rebates to us; however, there can be no assurance that such rebate programs will continue. We include these rebates as a component of our gross margin from sales of cigarettes. In the event these rebates are decreased or eliminated, or we fail to earn the rebates, our wholesale cigarette costs will increase. For example, certain major cigarette manufacturers have offered rebate programs that provide rebates only if we follow the manufacturer's retail pricing guidelines. If we do not receive the rebates, because we do not participate in the program or if the rebates we receive by participating in the program do not offset or surpass the revenue lost as a result of complying with the manufacturer's pricing guidelines, our cigarette gross margin will be adversely impacted. In general, we attempt to pass wholesale price increases on to our customers. However, competitive pressures in our markets may adversely impact our ability to do so. In addition, reduced retail display allowances on cigarettes offered by cigarette manufacturers negatively impact gross margins. These factors could materially impact our retail price of cigarettes, cigarette sales volume and/or revenues, merchandise gross profit and overall customer traffic, which could in turn have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our insurance policies historically do not cover all losses, costs or liabilities that we may experience, and insurance companies that currently insure companies in the energy industry may cease to do so or substantially increase premiums.

We carry property, business interruption, pollution, casualty and cyber insurance, but we do not maintain insurance coverage against all potential losses, costs or liabilities. We could suffer losses for uninsurable, or uninsured, risks or in amounts in excess of existing insurance coverage. In addition, we purchase insurance programs with large self-insured retentions and large deductibles. For example, we retain a short period of our business interruption losses. Therefore, a significant part, or all, of a business interruption loss or other types of loss could be retained by us. The occurrence of a loss that is retained by us, or not fully covered by insurance, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.


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Risk Factors

The energy industry is highly capital intensive, and the entire or partial loss of individual facilities or multiple facilities can result in significant costs to both energy industry companies, such as us, and their insurance carriers. Events which could result in such losses, and in some cases already have impacted our operations, include unplanned maintenance requirements, catastrophic events such as fire, mechanical breakdown, explosion, or contamination, natural disasters and orders issued by environmental authorities. Historically, large energy industry claims have resulted in significant increases in the level of premium costs and deductible periods for participants in the energy industry. For example, hurricanes have caused significant damage to energy companies operating along the Gulf Coast, in addition to numerous oil and gas production facilities and pipelines in that region. Insurance companies that have historically participated in underwriting energy-related risks may discontinue that practice, may reduce the insurance capacity they are willing to offer or demand significantly higher premiums or deductible periods to cover these risks. If we experience significant claims, or if there are significant changes in the number, or financial solvency, of insurance underwriters available to the energy industry occur, or if other adverse conditions over which we have no control prevail in the insurance market, we may be unable to obtain and maintain adequate insurance at reasonable cost.

In addition, we cannot assure that our insurers will renew our insurance coverage on acceptable terms, if at all, or that we will be able to arrange for adequate alternative coverage in the event of non-renewal. As a result of market conditions and our claims history, premiums and deductibles for our insurance policies have increased, and some of our insurers have declined to renew policies. In the future, certain insurance could become unavailable or available only for reduced amounts of coverage, or we may determine that premium costs, in our judgment, do not justify such expenditures and instead increase our self-insurance. The unavailability of full insurance coverage to cover events in which we suffer significant losses could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our ongoing study of strategic options to unlock and enhance stockholder value pose additional risks to our business.

Our board of directors, with the assistance of outside advisors, is evaluating a wide range of strategies for the Company to unlock and enhance stockholder value. This process, including any uncertainty created by this process, involves a number of risks which could impact our business and our stockholders, including the following:

•significant fluctuations in our stock price could occur in response to developments relating to the process or market speculation regarding any such developments;

•we may encounter difficulties in hiring, retaining and motivating key personnel during this process or as a result of uncertainties generated by this process or any developments or actions relating to it;

•we may incur substantial increases in general and administrative expense associated with increased legal fees and the need to retain and compensate third-party advisors; and

•we may experience difficulties in preserving the commercially sensitive information that may need to be disclosed to third parties during this process or in connection with an assessment of our strategic alternatives.

The review process also requires significant time and attention from management, which could distract them from other tasks in operating our business or otherwise disrupt our business. Such disruptions could cause concern to our customers, strategic partners or other constituencies and may have a material impact on our business and operating results and volatility in our share price.

There can be no assurance that this process will result in the pursuit or consummation of any potential transaction or strategy, or that any such potential transaction or strategy, if implemented, will provide greater value to our stockholders than that reflected in the price of our common stock. Any outcome of this process would be dependent upon a number of factors that may be beyond our control, including, among other things, market conditions, industry trends, regulatory approvals, and the availability of financing on reasonable terms.. The occurrence of any one or more of the above risks could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We may not be able to successfully execute our strategy of growth through acquisitions.

A significant part of our growth strategy is to acquire assets, such as refineries, pipelines, terminals, and retail fuel and convenience stores that complement our existing assets and/or broaden our geographic presence. If attractive opportunities arise, we may also acquire assets in new lines of business that are complementary to our existing businesses. In the past we have acquired refineries, and we have developed our logistics segment through the acquisition of transportation and marketing assets. We expect to continue to acquire assets that complement our existing assets and/or broaden our geographic presence as a major element of our growth strategy. However, the occurrence of any of the following factors could adversely affect our growth strategy:

•We may not be able to identify suitable acquisition candidates or acquire additional assets on favorable terms;

•We usually compete with others to acquire assets, which competition may increase, and any level of competition could result in decreased availability or increased prices for acquisition candidates;

•We may experience difficulty in anticipating the timing and availability of acquisition candidates;

•We may not be able to obtain the necessary financing, on favorable terms or at all, to finance any of our potential acquisitions; and

•As a public company, we are subject to reporting obligations, internal controls and other accounting requirements with respect to any business we acquire, which may prevent or negatively affect the valuation of some acquisitions we might otherwise deem favorable or increase our acquisition costs.


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Risk Factors

Acquisitions involve risks that could cause our actual growth or operating results to differ adversely compared with our expectations.

Due to our emphasis on growth through acquisitions, we are particularly susceptible to transactional risks that could cause our actual growth or operating results to differ adversely compared with our expectations. For example:

•during the acquisition process, we may fail, or be unable, to discover some of the liabilities of companies or businesses that we acquire;

•we may assume contracts or other obligations in connection with particular acquisitions on terms that are less favorable or desirable than the terms that we would expect to obtain if we negotiated the contracts or other obligations directly;

•we may fail to successfully integrate or manage acquired assets;

•acquired assets may not perform as we expect, or we may not be able to obtain the cost savings and financial improvements we anticipate;

•acquisitions may require us to incur additional debt or issue additional equity;

•acquired assets may suffer a diminishment in fair value as a result of which we may need to record a write-down or impairment;

•we may fail to grow our existing systems, financial controls, information systems, management resources and human resources in a manner that effectively supports our growth;

•to the extent that we acquire assets in new lines of business, we may become subject to additional regulatory requirements and additional risks that are characteristic or typical of these lines of business; and

•to the extent that we acquire equity interests in entities that control assets (rather than acquiring the assets directly), we may become subject to liabilities that predate our ownership and control of the assets.

The occurrence of any of these factors could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our future results will suffer if we do not effectively manage our expanded operations.

The size and scope of operations of our business have increased. In addition, we may continue to expand our size and operations through additional acquisitions or other strategic transactions. Our future success depends, in part, upon our ability to manage our expanded business, which may pose substantial challenges for management, including challenges related to the management and monitoring of new operations including, without limitation, integrating new operations with those of our existing business, managing the increased scope or geographic diversity of our expanded business, and associated increased costs and complexity. There can be no assurance that we will be successful, or that we will realize the expected economies of scale, synergies and other benefits anticipated from any additional acquisitions or strategic transactions.

We may incur significant costs and liabilities with respect to investigation and remediation of environmental conditions at our facilities.

Prior to our purchase of our refineries, pipelines, terminals and other facilities, the previous owners had been engaged for many years in the investigation and remediation of hydrocarbons and other materials which contaminated soil and groundwater. Upon purchase of the facilities, we became responsible and liable for certain costs associated with the continued investigation and remediation of known and unknown impacted areas at the facilities. In the future, it may be necessary to conduct further assessments and remediation efforts at impacted areas at our facilities and elsewhere. In addition, we have identified and self-reported certain other environmental matters subsequent to our purchase of our facilities.

Based upon environmental evaluations performed internally and by third parties, we recorded and periodically update environmental liabilities and accrued amounts we believe are sufficient to complete remediation. We expect remediation at some properties to continue for the foreseeable future. The need to make future expenditures for these purposes that exceed the amounts for which we estimated and accrued could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, Alon indemnified certain parties, to which they sold assets, for costs and liabilities that may be incurred as a result of environmental conditions existing at the time of such sales. As a result of our purchase of Alon, if we are forced to incur costs or pay liabilities in connection with these indemnification obligations, such costs and payments could be significant.


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Risk Factors

In the future, we may incur substantial expenditures for investigation or remediation of contamination that has not been discovered at our current or former locations or locations that we may acquire, or at third party sites where hazardous substances from these locations may have been treated or disposed. Our handling and storage of petroleum and hazardous substances may lead to additional contamination at our facilities or along our pipelines and at facilities to which we send or have sent wastes or by-products for treatment or disposal. In addition, new legal requirements, new interpretations of existing legal requirements, increased legislative activity and governmental enforcement and other developments could require us to make additional unforeseen expenditures. As a result, we may be subject to additional investigation and remediation costs, governmental penalties and third-party suits alleging personal injury and property damage. Liabilities for future remediation costs are recorded when environmental assessments and/or remedial efforts are probable and costs can be reasonably estimated as material. Other than for assessments, the timing and magnitude of these accruals generally are based on the completion of investigations or other studies or a commitment to a formal plan of action.

We could incur substantial costs or disruptions in our business if we cannot obtain or maintain necessary permits and authorizations or otherwise comply with health, safety, environmental and other laws and regulations.

Our operations require numerous permits and authorizations under various laws and regulations. These authorizations and permits are subject to revocation, renewal or modification, and can require operational changes to limit impacts or potential impacts on the environment and/or health and safety. A violation of authorization or permit conditions or other legal or regulatory requirements could result in substantial fines, criminal sanctions, permit revocations, injunctions and/or facility shutdowns. In addition, major modifications of our operations could require modifications to our existing permits or upgrades to our existing pollution control equipment. Any, or all, of these matters could have a negative effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows.

Our Tyler refinery currently primarily distributes refined petroleum products via truck or rail. We do not have the ability to distribute these products into markets outside our local market via pipeline.

Unlike most refineries, the Tyler refinery currently has limited ability to distribute refined products outside its local market in northeast Texas due to a lack of pipeline assets connecting the facility to other markets. While, in recent years, we have expanded our refined product distribution capabilities in northeast Texas through the use of transloading facilities enabling the shipment of products by rail to distant markets, including Mexico and through our acquisition of refined product terminals in Big Sandy and Mt. Pleasant, Texas, this limited ability may limit the refinery’s ability to increase the production of petroleum products, attract new customers for its refined petroleum products or increase sales of products from the refinery. In addition, if demand for petroleum products diminishes in northeast Texas, the refinery may be required to reduce production levels and our financial results may be adversely affected.

An increase in competition, and/or reduction in demand in the markets in which we purchase feedstocks and sell our refined products, could increase our costs and/or lower prices and adversely affect our sales and profitability.

Certain of our refineries operate in localized or niche markets. If competitors commence operations within these niche markets, we could lose our niche market advantage, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, where feedstocks are purchased in a localized market, disruptions in supply channels could significantly impact our ability to meet production demands in those facilities.

In addition, the maintenance, or replacement, of our existing customers depends on a number of factors outside of our control, including increased competition from other suppliers and demand for refined products in the markets we serve. The market for distribution of wholesale motor fuel is highly competitive and fragmented. Some of our competitors have significantly greater resources and name recognition than us. The loss of major customers, or a reduction in amounts purchased by major customers, for any reason including, but not limited to, a desire to purchase competing products with lower emissions, could have a material adverse effect on us to the extent that we are not able to correspondingly increase sales to other purchasers.

Compliance with and changes in tax laws could adversely affect our performance.

We are subject to extensive tax liabilities, including federal and state income taxes and transactional taxes, such as excise, sales/use, payroll, franchise, withholding and ad valorem taxes. New tax laws and regulations, and changes in existing tax laws and regulations, are continuously being enacted or proposed that could result in increased expenditures for tax liabilities in the future. Certain of these liabilities are subject to periodic audits by the respective taxing authority, which could increase or otherwise alter our tax liabilities. Though we have applied reasonable interpretations and assumptions in determining our tax liabilities, it is possible that the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") could issue subsequent guidance or take positions on audit that differ from our prior interpretations and assumptions, which could adversely impact our cash tax liabilities, results of operations, and financial condition. Subsequent changes to our tax liabilities as a result of these audits may also subject us to interest and penalties, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.


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Risk Factors

For example, the tax treatment of our logistics segment depends on its status as a partnership for federal income tax purposes. If a change in law, our failure to comply with existing law or other factors were to cause our logistics segment to be treated as a corporation for federal income tax purposes, it would become subject to entity-level taxation. As a result, our logistics segment would pay federal income tax on all of its taxable income at regular corporate income tax rates (subject to corporate alternative minimum tax for years ended prior to 2018), would likely pay additional state and local income taxes at varying rates, and distributions to unitholders, including us, would be generally treated as taxable dividends from a corporation. In such case, the logistics segment would likely experience a material reduction in its anticipated cash flow and after-tax return to its unitholders, and we would likely experience a substantial reduction in its value.

Adverse weather conditions or other unforeseen developments could damage our facilities, reduce customer traffic and impair our ability to produce and deliver refined petroleum products or receive supplies for our retail fuel and convenience stores.

The regions in which we operate are susceptible to severe storms, including hurricanes, thunderstorms, tornadoes, floods, extended periods of rain, ice storms and snow, all of which we have experienced in the past few years. In addition, for a variety of reasons, many members of the scientific community believe that climate changes are occurring that could have significant physical effects, such as increased frequency and severity of storms, droughts and floods and other climatic events. If any such effects were to occur, they could have an adverse effect on our assets and operations.

Inclement weather conditions, earthquakes or other unforeseen developments could damage our facilities, interrupt production, adversely impact consumer behavior, travel and retail fuel and convenience store traffic patterns or interrupt or impede our ability to operate our locations. If such conditions prevail near our refineries, they could interrupt or undermine our ability to produce and transport products from our refineries and receive and distribute products at our terminals. Regional occurrences, such as energy shortages or increases in energy prices, fires and other natural disasters, could also hurt our business. The occurrence of any of these developments could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our operating results are seasonal and generally lower in the first and fourth quarters of the year for our refining and logistics segments and in the first quarter of the year for our retail segment. We depend on favorable weather conditions in the spring and summer months.

Demand for gasoline, convenience merchandise and asphalt products are generally higher during the summer months than during the winter months due to seasonal increases in motor vehicle traffic and road and home construction. Varying vapor pressure requirements between the summer and winter months also tighten summer gasoline supply. As a result, the operating results of our refining segment and logistics segment are generally lower for the first and fourth quarters of each year. Seasonal fluctuations in traffic also affect sales of motor fuels and merchandise in our retail fuel and convenience stores. As a result, the operating results of our retail segment are generally lower for the first quarter of the year.

Weather conditions in our operating area also have a significant effect on our operating results in our retail segment. Customers are more likely to purchase more gasoline and higher profit margin items such as fast foods, fountain drinks and other beverages during the spring and summer months. Unfavorable weather conditions during these months and a resulting lack of the expected seasonal upswings in traffic and sales could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A substantial portion of the workforce at our refineries is unionized, and we may face labor disruptions that would interfere with our operations.

As of December 31, 2023, approximately 15.1% of our employees were represented by unions and/or covered by a collective bargaining agreement. None of our employees in our logistics segment, retail segment or in our corporate office are represented by a union. We consider our relations with our employees to be satisfactory. Although the collective bargaining agreements contain provisions to discourage strikes or work stoppages, we cannot assure that strikes or work stoppages will not occur. A strike or work stoppage could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.


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Risk Factors

We rely on information technology in our operations, and any material failure, inadequacy, interruption, cyber-attack or security failure of that technology could harm our business.

We rely on information technology across our operations, including the control of our refinery processes, monitoring the movement of petroleum through our pipelines and terminals, the point of sale processing at our retail sites and various other processes and transactions. We utilize information technology systems and controls throughout our operations to capture accounting, technical and regulatory data for subsequent archiving, analysis and reporting. Disruption, failure, or cyber security breaches affecting or targeting our computer and telecommunications, our infrastructure, or the infrastructure of our cloud-based IT service providers may materially impact our business and operations. An undetected failure of these systems, because of power loss, unsuccessful transition to upgraded or replacement systems, unauthorized access or other cyber breach or attack could result in disruption to our business operations, access to or disclosure or loss of data and/or proprietary information, personal injuries and environmental damage, which could have an adverse effect on our business, reputation, and effectiveness. We could also be subject to resulting investigation and remediation costs as well as regulatory enforcement of private litigation and related costs, which could have a material adverse impact on our cash flow and results of operations.

We rely on commercially available systems, software, tools and monitoring to provide security for processing, transmission and storage of confidential customer information, such as payment card and personal credit information.

In addition, the systems currently used for transmission and approval of payment card transactions, and the technology utilized in payment cards themselves, may put certain payment card data at risk. These standards for determining the required controls applicable to these systems are mandated by credit card issuers and administered by the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council and not by us. The regulatory environment surrounding information security and privacy is increasingly demanding, with the frequent imposition of new and constantly changing requirements. We have taken the necessary steps to comply with the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standards ("PCI-DSS") at all of our locations. However, compliance with these requirements may result in cost increases due to necessary systems changes and the development of new administrative processes.

In recent years, several retailers have experienced data breaches, resulting in the exposure of sensitive customer data, including payment card information. A breach could also originate from, or compromise, our customers' and vendors' or other third-party networks outside of our control. Any compromise or breach of our information and payment technology systems could cause interruptions in our operations, damage our reputation, reduce our customers' willingness to visit our sites and conduct business with them, or expose us to litigation from customers or sanctions for violations of the PCI-DSS. In addition, a compromise of our internal data network at any of our refining or terminal locations may have disruptive impacts similar to that of our retail operations. These disruptions could range from inconvenience in accessing business information to a disruption in our refining operations.

The increase in companies and individuals working remotely has increased the frequency and scope of cyber-attacks and the risk of potential cybersecurity incidents, both deliberate attacks and unintentional events. Despite our security measures, we experience attempts by external parties to penetrate and attack our networks and systems. Although such attempts to date have not, to our knowledge, resulted in any material breaches, disruptions, or loss of business-critical information, our systems and procedures for protecting against such attacks and mitigating such risks may prove to be insufficient in the future and such attacks could have an adverse impact on our business and operations, including damage to our reputation and competitiveness, remediation costs, litigation or regulatory actions. In addition, as technologies evolve, and cyber-attacks become more sophisticated, we may incur significant costs to upgrade or enhance our security measures to protect against such attacks and we may face difficulties in fully anticipating or implementing adequate preventive measures or mitigating potential harm. We could also be liable under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, subject to regulatory penalties, experience damage to our reputation or a loss of consumer confidence, or incur additional costs for remediation and modification or enhancement of our information systems to prevent future occurrences, all of which could adversely affect our reputation, business, operations or financial results.

If we lose any of our key personnel, our ability to manage our business and continue our growth could be negatively impacted.

Our future performance depends to a significant degree upon the continued contributions of our senior management team and key technical personnel. We do not currently maintain key person life insurance policies for any of our senior management team. The loss or unavailability to us of any member of our senior management team or a key technical employee could significantly harm us. We face competition for these professionals from our competitors, our customers and other companies operating in our industry. To the extent that the services of members of our senior management team and key technical personnel would be unavailable to us for any reason, we would be required to hire other personnel to manage and operate our company and to develop our products and technology. We cannot assure that we would be able to locate or employ such qualified personnel on acceptable terms or at all.

If we are, or become, a U.S. real property holding corporation, special tax rules may apply to a sale, exchange or other disposition of common stock, and non-U.S. holders may be less inclined to invest in our stock, as they may be subject to U.S. federal income tax in certain situations.

A non-U.S. holder of our common stock may be subject to U.S. federal income tax with respect to gain recognized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of our common stock if we are, or were, a "U.S. real property holding corporation" ("USRPHC") at any time during the shorter of the five-year period ending on the date of the sale or other disposition and the period such non-U.S. holder held our common stock (the shorter period referred to as the "lookback period"). In general, we would be a USRPHC if the fair market value of our "U.S. real property


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interests," as such term is defined for U.S. federal income tax purposes, equals or exceeds 50% of the sum of the fair market value of our worldwide real property interests and our other assets used or held for use in a trade or business. The test for determining USRPHC status is applied on certain specific determination dates and is dependent upon a number of factors, some of which are beyond our control (including, for example, fluctuations in the value of our assets). If we are or become a USRPHC, so long as our common stock is regularly traded on an established securities market such as the NYSE, only a non-U.S. holder who, actually or constructively, holds or held during the lookback period more than five percent of our common stock will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the disposition of our common stock.

Loss of or reductions to tax incentives for biodiesel production may have a material adverse effect on earnings, profitability and cash flows relating to our renewable fuels facilities.

The biodiesel industry has historically been substantially aided by federal and state tax incentives. One tax incentive program that has been significant to our renewable fuels facilities is the federal blender's tax credit. The blender's tax credit (or biodiesel tax credit, B100) provides a $1.00 refundable tax credit per gallon of pure biodiesel with an increase to $1.25 beginning January 1, 2023, to the first blender of biodiesel with petroleum-based diesel fuel. The blender's tax credit has expired on several occasions, only to be reinstated on a retroactive basis. The blender's tax credit was originally set to expire December 31, 2022, but was extended through December 31, 2024.

It is uncertain what action, if any, Congress may take with respect to enacting or reinstating the blender's tax credit beyond 2024 or when such action might be effective. If Congress does not enact or reinstate the credit for future years, it may result in a material adverse effect on the earnings, profitability and cash flows relating to our renewable fuels facilities.

Our business requires us to make significant capital expenditures and to maintain and improve our refineries, logistics assets, and retail locations.

Our business is capital intensive and asset heavy. Our refineries, logistics assets, including pipelines, distribution terminals, tractors, trailers and tankage, and retail locations require us to make significant capital expenditures and to incur substantial costs maintaining and improving such assets. Our cash from operations and existing financing arrangements may not be sufficient to fund our capital requirements and we may not be able to obtain additional financing on terms acceptable to us, or at all. Our inability to fund such capital expenditures, maintenance or improvements, or decision to cancel, delay or defer such projects, could increase the costs of repairing or replacing such assets (subject to reserved funds to cover certain of these costs), increase the costs or delays associated with turnaround activities in our refining segment and other maintenance, place us at a competitive disadvantage, increase the costs of insurance coverage and regulatory compliance, limit our ability to develop, market and sell new products and invest in new technologies, and decrease the amount of funds available for future acquisitions or cash available for distributions, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. At times in light of our operating results and liquidity needs, we have cancelled, delayed, or deferred certain capital expenditures, maintenance and improvements. Our need to incur costs associated with the commencement of such capital expenditures, maintenance, and improvements may be substantial and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is subject to complex and evolving laws, regulations and security standards regarding privacy, cybersecurity and data protection (“data protection laws”). Many of these data protection laws are subject to change and uncertain interpretation, and could result in claims, changes to our business practices, monetary penalties, increased cost of operations or other harm to our business.

The constantly evolving regulatory and legislative environment surrounding data privacy and protection poses increasingly complex compliance challenges, and complying with such data protection laws could increase the costs and complexity of compliance. While we do not collect significant amounts of personal information from consumers, we do have personal information from our employees, job applicants and some business partners, such as contractors and distributors.

Any failure, whether real or perceived, by us to comply with applicable data protection laws could result in proceedings or actions against us by governmental entities or others, subject us to significant fines, penalties, judgments, and negative publicity, require us to change our business practices, increase the costs and complexity of compliance, and adversely affect our business. Our compliance with emerging privacy/security laws, as well as any associated inquiries or investigations or any other government actions related to these laws, may increase our operating costs.

In the second quarter of 2021, the Department of Homeland Security’s Transportation Security Administration (“TSA”) announced two new security directives. These directives require critical pipeline owners to comply with mandatory reporting measures, including, among other things, to appoint personnel, report confirmed and potential cybersecurity incidents to the DHS Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (“CISA”) and provide vulnerability assessments. As legislation continues to develop and cyber incidents continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to respond to cyberattacks, to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures, or to detect, assess, investigate and remediate any critical infrastructure security vulnerabilities and report any cyber incidents to the applicable regulatory authorities. Any failure to remain in compliance with these government regulations may result in enforcement actions which may have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

If our cost efficiency measures are not successful, we may become less competitive.

We continue to focus on minimizing operating expenses through cost improvements and simplification of our corporate structure. We may experience delays or unanticipated costs in implementing our cost efficiency plans, which could prevent the timely or full achievement of expected cost efficiencies and adversely affect our competitive position.


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Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

The price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

The market price of our common stock may be influenced by many factors, some of which may be beyond our control, including:

•our quarterly or annual earnings, or those of other companies in our industry;

•inaccuracies in, and changes to, our previously published quarterly or annual earnings;

•changes in accounting standards, policies, guidance, interpretations or principles;

•economic conditions within our industry, as well as general economic and stock market conditions;

•the failure of securities analysts to cover our common stock, or the cessation of such coverage;

•changes in financial estimates by securities analysts and the frequency and accuracy of such reports;

•future issuance or sales of our common stock;

•announcements by us or our competitors of significant contracts or acquisitions;

•sales of common stock by our senior officers or our affiliates; and

•the other factors described in these "Risk Factors."

In recent years, the stock market in general, and the market for energy companies in particular, has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. This volatility has had a significant impact on the market price of securities issued by many companies, including companies in our industry. The trading price of Delek common stock has been volatile over the past three years. The changes often occur without any apparent regard to the operating performance of these companies, and these fluctuations could materially reduce our stock price.

Stockholder activism may negatively impact the price of our common stock.

Our stockholders may from time to time engage in proxy solicitations, advance stockholder proposals or otherwise attempt to effect changes or acquire control over us. Campaigns by stockholders to effect changes at publicly traded companies are sometimes led by investors seeking to increase short-term stockholder value through actions such as financial restructuring, increased debt, special dividends, stock repurchases or sales of assets or the entire company. Responding to proxy contests and other actions by activist stockholders can be costly and time-consuming, disrupting our operations and diverting the attention of our Board of Directors and senior management from the pursuit of business strategies. If individuals are elected or appointed to our Board of Directors who do not agree with our strategic plans, it may adversely affect the ability of our Board of Directors to function effectively and our ability to effectively and timely implement our strategic plans and create additional value for our stockholders. As a result, stockholder campaigns could adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

In February 2022, IEP Energy Holding LLC and certain of its affiliates (but not including CVR Energy) proposed three director candidates to be considered at our 2022 Annual Meeting. All three of these proposed director candidates were rejected by our stockholders.

In March 2022, we entered into a stock purchase and cooperation agreement with IEP Energy Holding LLC and certain of its affiliates, pursuant to which we agreed to purchase an aggregate of 3,497,268 shares of our common stock, at a price per share of $18.30, which equals an aggregate purchase price of $64.0 million.

Any perceived uncertainties as to our future direction and control, our ability to execute on our strategy, or changes to the composition of our board of directors or senior management team arising from future proposals from stockholders could lead to the perception of a change in the direction of our business or instability which may be exploited by our competitors, result in the loss of potential business opportunities, and make it more difficult to pursue our strategic initiatives or attract and retain qualified personnel and business partners, any of which could have an adverse effect, which may be material, on our business and operating results. In addition, actions such as those described above could cause significant fluctuations in the trading prices of our common stock based on temporary or speculative market perceptions or other factors that do not necessarily reflect the underlying fundamentals and prospects of our business.

Likewise, to the extent that we implement any proposals made by any of our shareholders, the resulting changes in our business, assets, results of operations and financial condition could be material and could have an impact, which may be material, on the market price of our common stock.

Future sales of shares of our common stock could depress the price of our common stock, and could result in substantial dilution to our stockholders.

We may sell securities in the public or private equity markets, regardless of our need for capital, and even when conditions are not otherwise favorable. The market price of our common stock could decline as a result of the introduction of a large number of shares of our common stock into the market or the perception that these sales could occur. Sales of a large number of shares of our common stock, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate.


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Risk Factors

Our stockholders will suffer dilution if we issue currently unissued shares of our stock or sell our treasury holdings in the future. Our stockholders will also suffer dilution as stock, restricted stock units, stock options, stock appreciation rights, warrants or other equity awards, whether currently outstanding or subsequently granted, are exercised.

We depend upon our subsidiaries for cash to meet our obligations and pay any dividends.

We are a holding company. Our subsidiaries conduct substantially all of our operations and own substantially all of our assets. Consequently, our cash flow and our ability to meet our obligations or pay dividends to our stockholders depend upon the cash flow of our subsidiaries and the payment of funds by our subsidiaries to us in the form of dividends, distributions, tax sharing payments or otherwise. Our subsidiaries' ability to make any payments will depend on many factors, including general economic conditions, their earnings, cash flows, the terms of any applicable credit facilities, tax considerations and legal restrictions.

We may be unable to pay future regular dividends in the anticipated amounts and frequency set forth herein.

We will only be able to pay regular dividends from our available cash on hand and funds received from our subsidiaries. Our ability to receive dividends and other cash payments from our subsidiaries may be restricted under the terms of any applicable credit facilities. For example, under the terms of their credit facilities, Delek Logistics and its subsidiaries are subject to certain customary covenants that limit their ability to, subject to certain exceptions as defined in their respective credit agreements, remit cash to, distribute assets to, or make investments in us as the parent company. Specifically, these covenants limit the payment, in the form of cash or other assets, of dividends or other cash payments to us. We are not obligated to declare or pay any dividend. Any future declaration, amount and payment of dividends will be at the sole discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon many factors, including our results of operations, financial condition, earnings, capital requirements, restrictions in our debt agreements and legal requirements. Although we currently intend to pay regular quarterly cash dividends on our common stock, we cannot provide any assurances that any regular dividends will be paid in the anticipated amounts and frequency set forth herein, if at all. As a result, if our Board of Directors does not declare or pay dividends, a shareholder may not receive any return on an investment in our common stock unless they sell our common stock for a price greater than that which they paid for it.

Provisions of Delaware law and our organizational documents may discourage takeovers and business combinations that our stockholders may consider in their best interests, which could negatively affect our stock price.

Provisions of Delaware law, our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and our Amended and Restated Bylaws may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control of our company or deterring tender offers for our common stock that other stockholders may consider in their best interests. For example, our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation provides that:

•stockholder actions may only be taken at annual or special meetings of stockholders;

•members of our Board of Directors can be removed with or without cause by a supermajority vote of stockholders;

•the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is, with certain exceptions, the exclusive forum for certain legal actions;

•our bylaws, as may be in effect from time to time, can be amended only by a supermajority vote of stockholders; and

•certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation, as may be in effect from time to time, can be amended only by a supermajority vote of stockholders.

In addition, our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation authorizes us to issue up to 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more different series, with terms to be fixed by our Board of Directors. Stockholder approval is not necessary to issue preferred stock in this manner. Issuance of these shares of preferred stock could have the effect of making it more difficult and more expensive for a person or group to acquire control of us and could effectively be used as an anti-takeover device. On the date of this report, no shares of our preferred stock are outstanding.

Finally, our Amended and Restated Bylaws provide for an advance notice procedure for stockholders to nominate director candidates for election or to bring business before an annual meeting of stockholders and require that special meetings of stockholders be called only by our chairman of the Board of Directors, president or secretary after written request of a majority of our Board of Directors. The advance notice provision requires disclosure of derivative positions, hedging transactions, short interests, rights to dividends and other similar positions of any stockholder proposing a director nomination, in order to promote full disclosure of such stockholder's economic interest in us.

The anti-takeover provisions of Delaware law and provisions in our organizational documents may prevent our stockholders from receiving the benefit from any premium to the market price of our common stock offered by a bidder in a takeover context. Even in the absence of a takeover attempt, the existence of these provisions may adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock if they are viewed as discouraging takeover attempts in the future.


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Risk Factors

Financial Instrument and Credit Profile Risks

Changes in our credit profile could affect our relationships with our suppliers, which could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and our ability to operate our refineries at full capacity.

Changes in our credit profile could affect the way crude oil, feedstock and refined product suppliers view our ability to make payments. As a result, suppliers could shorten the payment terms of their invoices with us, or require us to provide significant collateral to them that we do not currently provide. Due to the large dollar amounts and volume of our crude oil and other petroleum product purchases, as well as the historical volatility of crude oil pricing, any imposition by our suppliers of more burdensome payment terms, or collateral requirements, may have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and our ability to make payments to our suppliers. This, in turn, could cause us to be unable to operate our refineries at desired capacities. A failure to operate our refineries at desired capacities could adversely affect our profitability and cash flows.

Our commodity and interest rate derivative activity may limit potential gains, increase potential losses, result in earnings volatility and involve other risks.

At times, we enter into commodity derivative contracts to manage our price exposure to our inventory positions, future purchases of crude oil, ethanol and other feedstocks, future sales of refined products, manage our RINs exposure or to secure margins on future production. At times, we also enter into interest rate swap and cap agreements to manage our market exposure to changes in interest rates related to our floating rate borrowings. We expect to continue to enter into these types of transactions from time to time and have increased our use of commodity risk management activities in recent years.

While these transactions are intended to limit our exposure to the adverse effects of fluctuations in crude oil prices, refined products prices, RIN prices and interest rates, they may also limit our ability to benefit from favorable changes in market conditions, and may subject us to period-by-period earnings volatility in the instances where we do not seek hedge accounting for these transactions. Further, depending on the volume of commodity derivative activity as compared to our actual use of crude oil, production of refined products or total RINs exposure, our risk management activity may only partially limit our exposure to market volatility. Also, in connection with such derivative transactions, we may be required to make cash payments or provide letters of credit to maintain margin accounts and to settle the contracts at their value upon termination. Finally, this activity exposes us to potential risk of counterparties to our derivative contracts failing to perform under the contracts. As a result, the effectiveness of our risk management policies could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and cash flows. For additional information about the nature and volume of these transactions, see Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Additionally, it continues to be a strategic and operational objective to manage supply risk related to crude oil that is used in refinery production, and to develop strategic sourcing relationships. For that purpose, we often enter into purchase and sale contracts with vendors and customers or take physical or financial commodity positions for crude oil that may not be used immediately in production, but that may be used to manage the overall supply and availability of crude expected to ultimately be needed for production and/or to meet minimum requirements under strategic pipeline arrangements, and also to optimize and hedge availability risks associated with crude that we ultimately expect to use in production. Such transactions are inherently based on certain assumptions and judgments made about the current and possible future availability of crude. Therefore, when we take physical or financial positions for optimization purposes, our intent is generally to take offsetting positions in quantities and at prices that will advance these objectives while minimizing our positional and financial statement risk. However, because of the volatility of the market in terms of pricing and availability, it is possible that we may have material positions with timing differences or, more rarely, that we are unable to cover a position with an offsetting position as intended. Also, in connection with such transactions, we may be required to make cash payments or provide letters of credit to maintain margin accounts and to settle the contracts at their value upon termination. Finally, this activity exposes us to potential risk of counterparties to our derivative contracts failing to perform under the contracts.

As a result of the risks described above, the effectiveness of our risk management policies over these types of transactions and positions could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and cash flows. For additional information about the nature and volume of these transactions, see Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk, and Note 11 of our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We are exposed to certain counterparty risks which may adversely impact our results of operations.

We evaluate the creditworthiness of each of our various counterparties, but we may not always be able to fully anticipate or detect deterioration in a counterparty's creditworthiness and overall financial condition. The deterioration of creditworthiness or overall financial condition of a material counterparty (or counterparties) could expose us to an increased risk of nonpayment or other default under our contracts with them. If a material counterparty (or counterparties) defaults on their obligations to us, this could materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. For example, under the terms of the Inventory Intermediation Agreement with Citi, we grant Citi the exclusive right to store and withdraw crude and certain products in the tanks associated with the refineries. This agreement also provides that the ownership of substantially all crude oil and certain other refined products in the tanks associated with these refineries will be retained by Citi, and that Citi will purchase substantially all of the specified refined products processed at these refineries. An adverse change in Citi's business, results of operations, liquidity or financial condition could adversely affect its ability to timely discharge its obligations to us, which could consequently have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or liquidity.


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Risk Factors

From time to time, our cash and credit needs may exceed our internally generated cash flow and available credit, and our business could be materially and adversely affected if we are not able to obtain the necessary cash or credit from financing sources.

We have significant short-term cash needs to satisfy working capital requirements, such as crude oil purchases which fluctuate with the pricing and sourcing of crude oil. We rely in part on our access to credit to purchase crude oil for our refineries. If the price of crude oil increases significantly, we may not have sufficient available credit, and may not be able to sufficiently increase such availability, under our existing credit facilities or other arrangements, to purchase enough crude oil to operate our refineries at desired capacities. Our failure to operate our refineries at desired capacities could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We also have significant long-term needs for cash, including any capital expenditures for growth projects, sustaining maintenance, as well as projects necessary for regulatory compliance.

Depending on the conditions in the credit markets, it may become more difficult to obtain cash or credit from third-party sources including the use of RINs financing arrangements and funded letters of credit. If we cannot generate cash flow or otherwise secure sufficient liquidity to support our short-term and long-term capital requirements, we may not be able to comply with regulatory deadlines or pursue our business strategies, in which case our operations may not perform as well as we currently expect.

Our debt levels may limit our flexibility in obtaining additional financing and in pursuing other business opportunities.

As of December 31, 2023, we had total debt of $2,657.3 million, including current maturities of $44.5 million. In addition to our outstanding debt, as of December 31, 2023, our letters of credit issued under our various credit facilities were $305.5 million. Our borrowing availability under our various credit facilities as of December 31, 2023 was $1,084.0 million. Our level of debt could have important consequences for us. For example, it could:

•increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions;

•require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to service our debt and lease obligations, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes;

•limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate;

•place us at a disadvantage relative to our competitors that have less indebtedness or better access to capital by, for example, limiting our ability to enter into new markets, upgrade our fixed assets or pursue acquisitions or other business opportunities;

•limit our ability to borrow additional funds in the future; and

•increase interest costs for our borrowed funds and letters of credit.

In addition, a substantial portion of our debt has a variable rate of interest, which increases our exposure to interest rate fluctuations, to the extent we elect not to hedge such exposures.

If we are unable to meet our principal and interest obligations under our debt and lease agreements, we could be forced to restructure or refinance our obligations, seek additional equity financing or sell assets, which we may not be able to do on satisfactory terms or at all. Our default on any of those agreements could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if new debt is added to our current debt levels, the related risks that we now face could intensify.

Our debt agreements contain operating and financial restrictions that might constrain our business and financing activities.

The operating and financial restrictions and covenants in our credit facilities and any future financing agreements could adversely affect our ability to finance future operations or capital needs or to engage in, expand or pursue our business activities. For example, to varying degrees our credit facilities restrict our ability to:

•declare dividends and redeem or repurchase capital stock;

•prepay, redeem or repurchase debt;

•make loans and investments, issue guaranties and pledge assets;

•incur additional indebtedness or amend our debt and other material agreements;

•make capital expenditures;

•engage in mergers, acquisitions and asset sales; and

•enter into certain intercompany arrangements or make certain intercompany payments, which in some instances could restrict our ability to use the assets, cash flows or earnings of one operating segment to support another operating segment or Delek.

Other restrictive covenants require that we meet certain financial covenants, including leverage coverage, fixed charge coverage and net worth tests, as described in the applicable credit agreements. In addition, the covenant requirements of our various credit agreements require us to make many subjective determinations pertaining to our compliance thereto and exercise good faith judgment in determining our compliance. Our ability to comply with the covenants and restrictions contained in our debt instruments may be affected by events beyond our control, including prevailing economic, financial and industry conditions. If market or other economic conditions deteriorate, our ability to comply with these covenants and restrictions may be impaired. If we breach any of the restrictions or covenants in our debt agreements, a significant portion of our indebtedness may become immediately due and payable, and our lenders' commitments to make further loans to us may terminate. We might not have, or be able to obtain, sufficient funds to make these immediate payments. In addition, our obligations under our credit facilities are secured by substantially all of our assets. If we are unable to timely repay our obligations under our credit facilities, the lenders could seek to foreclose on the assets, or we may be required to contribute additional capital to certain of our subsidiaries. Any of these outcomes could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.


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Risk Factors

Fluctuations in interest rates could materially affect our financial results.

Because a significant portion of our debt bears interest at variable rates, increases in interest rates could materially increase our interest expense. The use of interest rate hedges, including of the types we have employed in the past, may not be effective at mitigating this risk. This risk, and others dependent on prevailing interest rates, are likely to be heightened during periods of inflation. An increase in interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Rising interest rates may also adversely impact our weighted average cost of capital (“WACC”) which is used in the valuation of our reporting units for goodwill. A higher WACC, all other things being equal, will result in a lower valuation using a discounted cash flow model, which is an income approach of business valuation. Therefore, rising interest rates can cause a reporting unit to become impaired when, in a lower interest rate environment, it may not be, resulting in incremental impairment expense.

We may refinance a significant amount of indebtedness and otherwise require additional financing; we cannot guarantee that we will be able to obtain the necessary funds on favorable terms or at all.

We may elect to refinance certain of our indebtedness, even if not required to do so by the terms of such indebtedness. In addition, we may need, or want, to raise additional funds for our operations. We have been, and may continue to be, engaged in discussions with certain potential financing sources, which could provide a source of additional funds and liquidity for our operations. However, our ability to obtain such financing will depend on, among other factors, prevailing market conditions at the time of the proposed financing and other factors beyond our control. There is no assurance that we will be able to obtain additional financing on terms acceptable to us, or at all.

We recorded goodwill and other intangible assets that could become impaired and result in material non-cash charges to our results of operations in the future.

The Delek/Alon Merger has been accounted for as an acquisition, by us, of Alon in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. Under the acquisition method of accounting, the assets and liabilities of Alon and its subsidiaries have been recorded, as of the completion of the Delek/Alon Merger, at their respective fair values. Under the acquisition method of accounting, the total purchase price has been allocated to Alon’s tangible assets and liabilities and identifiable intangible assets based on their estimated fair values as of the date of completion of the Delek/Alon Merger. The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of reporting units has been recorded as goodwill, which was further allocated to other reporting units as permitted under GAAP. To the extent the value of goodwill or intangibles becomes impaired, we may be required to incur material non-cash charges relating to such impairment. Our financial condition and operating results may be significantly impacted from both the impairment and the underlying trends in the business that triggered the impairment. We recorded no goodwill impairment during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 and $14.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, respectively.

An impairment of our long-lived assets or goodwill could negatively impact our results of operations and financial condition.

We continually monitor our business, the business environment and the performance of our operations to determine if an event has occurred that indicates that a long-lived asset or goodwill may be impaired. If a triggering event occurs, which is a determination that involves judgment, we may be required to utilize cash flow projections to assess our ability to recover the carrying value based on the ability to generate future cash flows. We may also conduct impairment testing based on both the guideline public company and guideline transaction methods. Our long-lived assets and goodwill impairment analyses are sensitive to changes in key assumptions used in our analysis, estimates of future market prices, forecasted throughput levels, operating costs and capital expenditures, most of which can be impacted by inflation. If the assumptions used in our analysis are not realized, it is possible a material impairment charge may need to be recorded in the future. We cannot accurately predict the amount and timing of any additional impairments of long-lived assets or goodwill in the future. A deterioration in our operating results or overall economic conditions could result in an impairment of goodwill and / or additional long-lived asset impairments at some point in the future. Future impairment charges could be material to our results of operations.


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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

Cybersecurity Related Matters

Risk Management and Strategy

We depend on IT and OT for various operations, including refinery processes, petroleum movement monitoring in pipelines and terminals, point-of-sale processing at our retail sites, and other critical processes and transactions. We utilize IT and OT systems across our operations to capture accounting, technical and regulatory data for archiving, analysis, and reporting. Our primary business systems mostly consist of purchased and licensed software programs that integrate with our internal solutions. Additionally, our technology encompasses a company-wide network through which employees have access to key business applications.

We established a thorough, risk-based cybersecurity program aimed at safeguarding our data, along with the data of our customers and partners. The identification, assessment, and management of cyber risks fall under our Enterprise Risk Management (“ERM”) program, overseen by the Board of Directors. Our Chief Technology Officer & Digital Officer/Chief Information Officer holds overall responsibility for IT, OT, and cybersecurity. Delek follows well-organized cybersecurity frameworks with a Chief Information Security Officer dedicated to overseeing cybersecurity initiatives throughout the entire enterprise.

Our risk assessment process related to cybersecurity includes identifying threats and conducting vulnerability assessments, likelihood and impact assessments related to our own information and OT systems as well as our third-party service providers. Delek collaborates with third-party vendors to leverage managed security services, enhancing Delek’s cybersecurity capabilities. Delek possesses monitoring capabilities for both its IT and OT infrastructure. To identify material cybersecurity risks, we use a combination of technical assessments, risk analysis, vulnerability scanning, incident and event monitoring, threat intelligence and third-party assessments along with ongoing monitoring and management.

We manage our material cybersecurity risks through a combination of security measures, audits, training, planning, and testing. Delek has established processes for regular disaster recovery planning and response readiness testing. Our security approach also includes multiple layers of defense and testing of controls. We have implemented security measures, including segmentation, firewalls, intrusion detection systems, encryption, multi-factor authentication and data loss prevention to safeguard our systems and data. Furthermore, we have reinforced our data protection capabilities by investing in both hardware and software.

Recognizing that humans are often the most vulnerable element of even the most secure computer architectures, Delek has increased the frequency and sophistication of the mandatory training and phishing campaign program for our employees. Delek also conducts monthly reviews of global cybersecurity incidents to ensure that appropriate mitigation measures are in place to guard against similar threats. Delek is committed to enhancing its organizational resilience through a multiyear, comprehensive incident response tabletop drill program. Building upon the success of the two drills conducted in 2023, we are dedicated to continuous improvement and proactive readiness in addressing potential challenges and ensuring the effective management of incidents.

Delek has not experienced a significant cybersecurity breach or associated expenses, penalties, or settlements for years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. Delek continuously assesses and enhances the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our IT and OT assets.

Board of Directors Oversight

The Board of Directors and executive leadership team at Delek are committed to investing the attention and resources necessary to maintain the privacy, security and integrity of our information, systems and networks and enhance the company’s resiliency against cyber threats. To assist in these efforts, the Board of Directors has assigned a number of cybersecurity related responsibilities to its standing committees while retaining overall responsibility for the oversight of Delek's cybersecurity activities.


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In overseeing cybersecurity risks, the Board of Directors follows the principles identified by the National Association of Corporate Directors in the oversight of cybersecurity risks. Cybersecurity risks and Company programs are discussed with the Board of Directors by the Chief Technology & Digital Officer Chief Information Officer and others. Third parties are periodically engaged in the assessment of cybersecurity, including evaluating maturity under the National Institute for Security and Technology’s and the International Society of Automation/ International Electrotechnical Commission’s cybersecurity frameworks, testing informational and operational cyber defenses, controls, and reviews of policies and procedures.

In 2021 the Board of Directors established the standing Technology Committee. One of the Technology Committee’s responsibilities is to review, assess, manage, and mitigate risks related to technological developments, digitalization, and information security. The Technology Committee also reviews assessments of the effectiveness of the Company’s information security and technology programs, procedures, and initiatives. The Technology Committee regularly receives reports from management regarding information security and cyber risk matters, including the Company’s contingency planning and information security training and compliance, and reports its activities to the Board. The Technology Committee’s designated focus on these areas of the Company’s digitalization, information and operational security policies help ensure strategic alignment of the Company’s strategies with information security and risk management.

Management Oversight

Our senior leadership team is actively involved in cybersecurity governance, ensuring the highest level of oversight of cybersecurity risks. Establishing clear lines of ownership and accountability, along with regular and transparent communication among our standing Board committees, the Board of Directors and executives, is crucial for effectively handling cybersecurity risks and opportunities. Our Chief Technology & Digital Officer/Chief Information Officer reports to the Chief Executive Officer, dedicating a substantial amount of their efforts to ensure the safety and security of our networks and systems. Our Chief Technology & Digital Officer/Chief Information Officer has nearly 20 years of IT experience including areas of technology, cybersecurity, data, analytics, and digital transformation as well as being an Adjunct Lecturer at Tel-Aviv University and the Technion for Big Data Technologies, Data Science and Data Visualization. Representing the state of Israel at MIT’s CDOIQ forum. Our Chief Technology & Digital Officer oversees a team of security professionals and regularly updates the Board of Directors on any potential risks and threats to the Company. Senior leadership including our Chief Technology & Digital Officer/Chief Information Officer and the Chief Information Security Officer brief the Board on information security matters multiple times throughout the year.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

In the ordinary conduct of our business, we are from time to time subject to lawsuits, investigations and claims, including, environmental claims and employee-related matters.

Although we cannot predict with certainty the ultimate resolution of lawsuits, investigations and claims asserted against us, including civil penalties or other enforcement actions, we do not believe that any currently pending legal proceeding or proceedings to which we are a party will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

See Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated by reference in this Item 3, for additional information.


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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information and Holders

Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "DK." As of February 21, 2024, there were approximately 129 common stockholders of record. This number does not include beneficial owners of our common stock whose stock is held in nominee or "street name" accounts through brokers. The transfer agent for our common stock is Equiniti Trust Company, LLC, 48 Wall Street, Floor 23, New York, NY 100005.

Dividends

On August 1, 2022, our Board of Directors voted to reinstate the quarterly cash dividend. Our Board of Directors will consider the declaration of a dividend on a quarterly basis, although there is no assurance as to future dividends since they are dependent upon future earnings, capital requirements, our financial condition and other factors.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

The following table sets forth information with respect to the purchase of shares of our common stock made during the three months ended December 31, 2023 by or on behalf of us or any “affiliated purchaser,” as defined by Rule 10b-18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act") (inclusive of all purchases that have settled as of December 31, 2023).


Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1)	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
October 1 - October 31, 2023	769,450	$	25.99	769,450	$	185,054,287
November 1 - November 30, 2023	—	—		—	185,054,287
December 1 - December 31, 2023	—	—		—	185,054,287
Total	769,450	$	25.99	769,450	N/A

(1) On November 6, 2018, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to $500.0 million of Delek common stock. On August 1, 2022, the Board of Directors approved an approximately $170.3 million increase in the share repurchase authorization, bringing the total amount available for repurchases under current authorizations to $400.0 million. As of December 31, 2023, there was $185.1 million of authorization remaining under Delek's aggregate stock repurchase program. This authorization has no expiration. Any share repurchases under the repurchase program may be implemented through open market transactions or in privately negotiated transactions, in accordance with applicable securities laws. The timing, price, and size of repurchases will be made at the discretion of management and will depend on prevailing market prices, general economic and market conditions and other considerations. The repurchase program does not obligate us to acquire any particular amount of stock and does not expire.


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Market for Equity, Stockholder Matters, and Purchase of Equity Securities

Performance Graph


The Performance Graph and related information shall not be deemed "soliciting material" or to be "filed" with the SEC, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or Securities Exchange Act of 1934, each as amended, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filing. The adjacent graph compares cumulative total returns for our stockholders to the Standard and Poor's 500 Stock Index and a market capitalization weighted peer group selected by management for the five-year period commencing December 31, 2018 and ending December 31, 2023. The graph assumes a $100 investment made on December 31, 2018. Each of the three measures of cumulative total return assumes reinvestment of dividends. The 2023 peer group is comprised of Calumet Specialty Products Partners, L.P. (NASDAQ: CLMT), CVR Energy, Inc. (NYSE: CVI), HF Sinclair Corporation (NYSE: DINO) (formally HollyFrontier Corporation (NYSE: HFC)), Marathon Petroleum Corporation (NYSE: MPC), Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. (NYSE: PARR), PBF Energy, Inc. (NYSE: PBF), Phillips 66 (NYSE: PSX), and Valero Energy Corporation (NYSE: VLO). The stock performance shown on the graph below is not necessarily indicative of future price performance.

ITEM 6. RESERVED


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Management's Discussion and Analysis

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These forward-looking statements reflect our current estimates, expectations and projections about our future results, performance, prospects and opportunities. Forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements that refer to the acquisition of 3 Bear (subsequently renamed to Delek Delaware Gathering), including any statements regarding the expected benefits, synergies, growth opportunities, impact on liquidity and prospects, and other financial and operating benefits thereof, the information concerning possible future results of operations, business and growth strategies, including as the same may be impacted by any ongoing military conflict, such as the Russia-Ukraine War, financing plans, expectations that regulatory developments or other matters will or will not have a material adverse effect on our business or financial condition, our competitive position and the effects of competition, the projected growth of the industry in which we operate, and the benefits and synergies to be obtained from our completed and any future acquisitions, statements of management’s goals and objectives, and other similar expressions concerning matters that are not historical facts. Words such as "may," "will," "should," "could," "would," "predicts," "potential," "continue," "expects," "anticipates," "future," "intends," "plans," "believes," "estimates," "appears," "projects" and similar expressions, as well as statements in future tense, identify forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements should not be read as a guarantee of future performance or results, and will not necessarily be accurate indications of the times at, or by, which such performance or results will be achieved. Forward-looking information is based on information available at the time and/or management’s good faith belief with respect to future events, and is subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual performance or results to differ materially from those expressed in the statements. Important factors that, individually or in the aggregate, could cause such differences include, but are not limited to:

•volatility in our refining margins or fuel gross profit as a result of changes in the prices of crude oil, other feedstocks and refined petroleum products;

•reliability of our operating assets;

•actions of our competitors and customers;

•changes in, or the failure to comply with, the extensive government regulations applicable to our industry segments, including current and future restrictions on commercial and economic activities in response to future public health crises;

•our ability to execute our long-term sustainability strategy and growth through acquisitions such as the Delaware Gathering Acquisition and joint ventures, including our ability to successfully integrate acquisitions, complete strategic transactions, safety initiatives and capital projects, realize expected synergies, cost savings and other benefits therefrom, return value to shareholders, or achieve operational efficiencies;

•diminishment in value of long-lived assets may result in an impairment in the carrying value of the assets on our balance sheet and a resultant loss recognized in the statement of operations;

•the impact on commercial activity and other economic effects of any widespread public health crisis, including uncertainty regarding the timing, pace and extent of economic recovery following any such crisis;

•general economic and business conditions affecting the southern, southwestern and western U.S., particularly levels of spending related to travel and tourism;

•volatility under our derivative instruments;

•deterioration of creditworthiness or overall financial condition of a material counterparty (or counterparties);

•unanticipated increases in cost or scope of, or significant delays in the completion of, our capital improvement safety initiative and periodic turnaround projects;

•risks and uncertainties with respect to the quantities and costs of refined petroleum products supplied to our pipelines and/or held in our terminals;

•operating hazards, natural disasters, weather related disruptions, casualty losses and other matters beyond our control;

•increases in our debt levels or costs;

•possibility of accelerated repayment on a portion of our Inventory Intermediation Agreement obligation if the purchase price adjustment feature triggers a change on the re-pricing dates;

•changes in our ability to continue to access the credit markets;

•compliance, or failure to comply, with restrictive and financial covenants in our various debt agreements;

•changes in our ability to pay dividends;

•seasonality;

•earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, and other weather events, which can unforeseeably affect the price or availability of electricity, natural gas, crude oil, and other feedstocks, critical supplies, refined petroleum products and ethanol;

•increases in costs of compliance with, or liability for violation of, existing or future laws, regulations and other requirements;

•societal, legislative and regulatory measures to address climate change and GHG;

•our ability to execute our sustainability improvement plans, including greenhouse gas reduction targets;

•acts of terrorism (including cyber-terrorism) aimed at either our facilities or other facilities;

•impacts of global conflicts such as the war between Israel and Hamas and the Russia-Ukraine War;

•future decisions by OPEC and OPEC+ regarding production and pricing and disputes between OPEC+ members regarding the same;

•disruption, failure, or cybersecurity breaches affecting or targeting our IT systems and controls, our infrastructure, or the infrastructure of our cloud-based IT service providers;

•changes in the cost or availability of transportation for feedstocks and refined products; and

•other factors discussed under Item 1A. Risk Factors and Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and in our other filings with the SEC.

In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, our actual results of operations and execution of our business strategy could differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, the forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance upon them. In addition, past financial and/or operating performance is not necessarily a reliable indicator of future performance, and you should not use our historical performance to anticipate future results or period trends. We can give no assurances that any of the events anticipated by any forward-looking statements will occur or, if any of them do, what impact they will have on our results of operations and financial condition. All forward-looking statements included in this report are based on information available to us on the date of this report. We undertake no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.


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Management's Discussion and Analysis

Executive Summary: Management's View of Our Business and Strategic Overview


Management's View of Our Business

We are an integrated downstream energy business focused on petroleum refining, the transportation, storage and wholesale distribution of crude oil, intermediate and refined products and convenience store retailing. Our operating segments consist of refining, logistics, and retail, and are discussed in the sections that follow.

Business and Economic Environment Overview

As we reflect on the macro environment in 2023, the economy continued to be impacted by higher rates of inflation and geopolitical uncertainty, both globally and domestically. In order to temper inflation, the Federal Reserve continued to increase interest rates through mid-2023, which drove down inflation throughout the year. If inflation continues to drop, the Federal Reserve may be open to rate cuts sometime in 2024. The U.S. economy remained resilient during 2023 and performed better than expected. Demand for transportation fuels continues to be reshaped after the recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic as gasoline inventories continue to be higher, while distillate inventories were constrained during most of 2023.

Our focus on safe and reliable operations is a pillar which underlines all of our business activities. We continue to identify opportunities to mitigate market risk and focus on efforts that improve our overall cost structure while not compromising operational excellence. Our focus on safe and reliable operations allowed us to achieve record throughput during 2023. Although average crack spreads were lower than historic highs in 2022, refining margins remained strong until the fourth quarter and demand for refined products was robust during 2023 driven by the continued constrained supply in the markets we serve. Given the strong refining margins during most of 2023, we made a strategic decision to optimize our inventory levels to reduce carrying costs and improve working capital efficiency. Further impacting our current quarter results were consistent refinery throughput and production rates compared to 2022 driven by safe and reliable operations. We will continue to identify opportunities for operational efficiency improvements. The domestic West Texas Intermediate ("WTI") differentials compared to Brent continued to be favorable during 2023, and the WTI Midland to Cushing premium remained relatively consistent compared to 2022. Our logistics segment again contributed strong results while completing the successful integration of the Delaware Gathering operations which further diversifies our logistics customer base to include significantly more third-party customers and allow us to provide comprehensive logistics services in the Delaware Basin. Logistics also continues to benefit from strong performance amongst our pipeline joint venture investments. Retail stores continue to perform well and we are realizing the benefit of store optimization activities as margins have increased in 2023, and we expect to begin seeing benefits from successful re-branding.

The near term economic outlook still has some uncertainty with geopolitical instability, and as a result we continue to progress our business transformation focused on enterprise-wide opportunities to improve the efficiency of our cost structure. The expectation of reduction in the reliance of liquid fuels, increased regulatory pressures, and volatility in the commodity markets, are considerations that Delek must balance as we move forward with our strategic initiatives.

The energy-related legislation passed with the Inflation Reduction Act ("IRA") encompasses clean energy financial incentives that are expected to increase capital investment opportunities that focus on the development of production capacity for liquid fuels with lower GHG. Gulf coast industries should be well positioned for growth, particularly if global trade becomes tied to environmental attributes. Following the enactment of the IRA, Delek is also investing in carbon capture technology and continuing our production of biodiesel fuel to meet the world’s growing demand for low-carbon energy. We were selected by the Department of Energy's ("DOE") Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations to negotiate a cost-sharing agreement in support of a carbon capture pilot project at the Big Spring refinery. The DOE Carbon Capture Large-Scale Pilot Project program provides 70% cost-share for up to $95 million of federal funding to support project development. The project will deploy carbon capture technology at the Big Spring refinery's FCC unit, while maintaining existing production capabilities and turnaround schedule. Expectations for the project are to capture 145,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide per year, as well as reduce health-harming pollutants, such as sulfur oxide and particulate matter. Carbon dioxide is expected to be transported by existing pipelines for permanent storage or utilization.

Our focus on reduction of GHG is a key objective as we strive to be a leader in the transition to a carbon neutral future. Delek's Sustainable Operations Team ("SOT") which is led by our Executive Vice President, Operations coordinates execution of our sustainability objectives including ensuring enterprise strategies, business unit operations, capital spending plans, supply chain and personnel pipeline are in alignment and operating as needed to meet established goals. Delek prioritizes stewardship of the environment, and we focus on how to positively impact our shareholders, employees, customers, and the communities where we operate.

We want to reward our shareholders with a disciplined and balanced capital allocation framework. As we strengthen our relative financial position, we believe a balanced approach between shareholder returns and balance sheet improvement is appropriate. In 2023, we reduced our long-term obligations by approximately $463.2 million and we returned $145.7 million of capital to shareholders in 2023, including $85.4 million of share repurchases and $60.3 million in dividends.

Our near-term focus is centered around the following: (1) operations excellence, (2) financial strength and flexibility and (3) strategic initiatives which includes unlocking the "sum of the parts" value of our existing business while identifying growth opportunities to enhance the Company's scale and diversify revenue streams. See further discussion in the "Strategic Objectives" section below.

See further discussion on macroeconomic factors and market trends, including the impact on 2023 and the outlook for 2024, in the ‘Market Trends’ section below.


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Management's Discussion and Analysis

Other 2023 Developments

On November 6, 2023, Delek Logistics entered into a First Amendment, a Second Amendment and a Third Amendment to the Delek Logistics Credit Facility (together, the “Amendments”) which among other things: extended the maturity of the Delek Logistics Term Loan Facility to April 15, 2025, (ii) added a maturity acceleration clause which will accelerate the maturity of the Delek Logistics Term Loan Facility to 180 days prior to the stated maturity date of the Delek Logistics 2025 Notes if any of the Delek Logistics 2025 Notes remain outstanding on that date, (iii) increased the U.S. Revolving Credit Commitments (as defined in the Delek Logistics Credit Facility) by an amount equal to $150.0 million, resulting in aggregate lender commitments under the Delek Logistics Revolving Credit Facility of $1.050 billion and (iv) increased the limit allowed for general unsecured debt (as defined in the Delek Logistics Credit Facility) by an amount equal to $95.0 million, resulting in an unsecured general debt limit of $150.0 million.

On December 21, 2023, we amended the Inventory Intermediation Agreement with Citigroup Energy Inc. (“Citi”) (the "Inventory Intermediation Agreement") to among other things, (i) extend the term of the Inventory Intermediation Agreement from December 30, 2024 to January 31, 2026, (ii) reduce Citi’s unilateral term extension option from a twelve month extension period to a six month extension period and (iii) increase the amount of the payment deferral mechanism from $70 million to $250 million.

We continue to progress our multi-year cost optimization initiative focused on identifying and implementing opportunities to improve our cost structure, improve efficiencies and align our workforce with strategic activities and operations. We are executing on our initiatives to achieve a sustainable run-rate cost reduction of $100.0 million per year. In 2023, we incurred total restructuring costs of $37.8 million (including a $23.1 million right-of-use asset impairment) as part of this cost optimization initiative. During the fourth quarter of 2023, Delek determined that leased crude oil tanks in Canada were not needed to support the future growth of its business. The exit of these leased crude oil tanks are intended to align with our continued operational and cost optimization efforts. We have the ability and intent to sublease these crude oil tanks for the remainder of the respective lease terms, however, the expected sublease has a lower rate than the head lease, resulting in a right-of-use asset impairment of $23.1 million.


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Management's Discussion and Analysis


Refining Overview

The refining segment (or "Refining") processes crude oil and other feedstocks for the manufacture of transportation motor fuels, including various grades of gasoline, diesel fuel, aviation fuel, asphalt and other petroleum-based products that are distributed through owned and third-party product terminals. The refining segment has a combined nameplate capacity of 302,000 bpd as of December 31, 2023. A high-level summary of the refinery activities is presented below:

Tyler Refinery

El Dorado Refinery

Big Spring Refinery

Krotz Springs Refinery

Total Nameplate Capacity (bpd)

75,000

80,000

73,000

74,000

Primary Products

Gasoline, jet fuel, ultra-low-sulfur diesel, liquefied petroleum gases, propylene, petroleum coke and sulfur

Gasoline, ultra-low-sulfur diesel, liquefied petroleum gases, propylene, asphalt and sulfur

Gasoline, jet fuel, ultra-low-sulfur diesel, liquefied petroleum gases, propylene, aromatics and sulfur

Gasoline, jet fuel, high-sulfur diesel, light cycle oil, liquefied petroleum gases, propylene and ammonium thiosulfate

Relevant Crack Spread Benchmark

Gulf Coast 5-3-2

Gulf Coast 5-3-2 (1)

Gulf Coast 3-2-1 (2)

Gulf Coast 2-1-1 (3)

Marketing and Distribution

The refining segment's petroleum-based products are marketed primarily in the south central and southwestern regions of the United States, and the refining segment also ships and sells gasoline into wholesale markets in the southern and eastern United States. Motor fuels are sold under the Alon or Delek brand through various terminals to supply Alon or Delek branded retail sites. In addition, we sell motor fuels through our wholesale distribution network on an unbranded basis.

(1) While there is variability in the crude slate and the product output at the El Dorado refinery, we compare our per barrel refined product margin to the U.S. Gulf Coast ("Gulf Coast") 5-3-2 crack spread because we believe it to be the most closely aligned benchmark.

(2) Our Big Spring refinery is capable of processing substantial volumes of sour crude oil, which has historically cost less than intermediate, and/or substantial volumes of sweet crude oil, and therefore the WTI Cushing/ West Texas Sour ("WTS") price differential, taking into account differences in production yield, is an important measure for helping us make strategic, market-respondent production decisions.

(3) The Krotz Springs refinery has the capability to process substantial volumes of light sweet crude oil to produce a high percentage of refined light products.

Our refining segment also owns and operates three biodiesel facilities involved in the production of biodiesel fuels and related activities, located in Crossett, Arkansas, Cleburne, Texas, and New Albany, Mississippi. In addition, the refining segment includes our wholesale crude operations.


Logistics Overview

Our logistics segment (or "Logistics") gathers, transports and stores crude oil and natural gas; markets, distributes, transports and stores refined products; and disposes and recycles water in select regions of the southeastern United States, West Texas and New Mexico for our refining segment and third parties. It is comprised of the consolidated balance sheet and results of operations of Delek Logistics (NYSE: DKL), where we owned a 78.7% interest at December 31, 2023. Delek Logistics was formed by Delek in 2012 to own, operate, acquire and construct crude oil and refined products logistics and marketing assets. A substantial majority of Delek Logistics' assets are currently integral to our refining and marketing operations. The logistics segment's gathering and processing business owns or leases capacity on approximately 398 miles of crude oil transportation pipelines, approximately 406 miles of refined product pipelines, and an approximately 1,400-mile crude oil gathering system of which 489 miles is decommissioned. The storage and transportation business owns or leases associated crude oil storage tanks with an aggregate of approximately 10.0 million barrels of active shell capacity. It also owns and operates nine light product terminals and markets light products using third-party terminals. Logistics has strategic investments in pipeline joint ventures that provide access to pipeline capacity as well as the potential for earnings from joint venture operations. The logistics segment owns or leases approximately 199 tractors and 353 trailers used to haul primarily crude oil and other products for related and third parties.


Retail Overview

Our retail segment (or "Retail") at December 31, 2023 includes the operations of 250 owned and leased convenience store sites located primarily in West Texas and New Mexico. Our convenience stores typically offer various grades of gasoline and diesel under the DK or Alon brand name and food products, food service, tobacco products, non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages, general merchandise as well as money orders to the public, primarily under the DK or Alon brand names pursuant to a license agreement with 7-Eleven, Inc. In November 2018, we terminated the license agreement with 7-Eleven, Inc. and the terms of such termination and subsequent amendments required the removal of all 7-Eleven branding on a store-by-store basis by December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, we have removed the 7-Eleven brand name from all of our store locations. Substantially all of the motor fuel sold through our retail segment is supplied by our Big Spring refinery, which is transferred to the retail segment at prices substantially determined by reference to published commodity pricing information.


Corporate and Other Overview

Our corporate activities, results of certain immaterial operating segments, and intercompany eliminations are reported in 'corporate, other and eliminations' in our segment disclosures. Additionally, our corporate activities include certain of our commodity and other hedging activities.


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Management's Discussion and Analysis


Strategic Objectives

It is vitally important that our strategic objectives, especially in view of the evolutionary direction of our macroeconomic and geopolitical environment, involves a process of continuous evaluation of our business model in terms of cost structure, as well as long-term economic and operational sustainability. More consolidation in our industry is expected from increased cost pressures due in part to the regulatory environment continuing to move towards reducing carbon emissions and transitioning to renewable energy in the long-term. However, we believe we are uniquely positioned as a leader in operating and excelling in niche markets and could continue capitalizing on and growing our integrated business model. To compete under historic environmental and regulatory changes, companies in our industry will need to be adaptive, forward-thinking and strategic in their approach to long-term sustainability.

The emphasis on environmental responsibility and long-term economic and environmental sustainability has increased. Demand for additional transparency continues to evolve. As we evaluate our current sustainability and ESG positioning in the market, we also must integrate a broader sustainability view into all of our activities, both operational and strategic. We have developed overarching key objectives that guide us when we formulate our strategic plans.

Key Objectives

I. Operational Excellence

II. Financial Strength and Flexibility

III. Strategic Initiatives

Operational Excellence

We are committed to operational excellence which includes maintaining safe, reliable, and environmentally responsible operations. It also encompasses the dedication and drive for constant improvement across our operations in reliability, safety, and efficiency. Delek prioritizes stewardship of the environment, and we focus on how to positively impact our shareholders, employees, customers, and the communities where we operate. We understand that if our assets run reliably and safely, it is better for the safety of our employees, communities, and environment. We believe that focusing on people, processes and equipment will lead to improved utilization and yields and ultimately better employee retention and lower costs, which translates to improved returns for our shareholders. For 2024, we will be focused on the following:

•Prioritize safety and environmental compliance by implementing foundational best practices to increase operations ability to provide safe, compliant, and reliable operations.

•Focus on operational excellence by building out our operations centric area business teams, frontline supervisor training as well as other key competency training.

•Execute a major turnaround at the Krotz Springs refinery, focusing on outage spend and optimizing downtime and implementing margin enhancement .

•Identify and evaluate organic growth projects that improve yield and increase utilization.

•Continue our progression of digital system implementations that will improve our ability to understand all aspects of our business as well as our ability to make real-time and forward-looking operational decisions. Automate processes and shift operational roles to higher value-added activities.

Financial Strength and Flexibility

In our industry, as with many volatile businesses, it is very important to make capital investments with accretive returns and maintain a debt balance at a comfortable leverage ratio. We want to reward our shareholders and investors with a disciplined and balanced capital allocation framework, which we believe will strengthen shareholder value by, among other things, a stable dividend complemented by opportunistic share repurchases. We are also committed to lowering costs and improving the efficiency of our cost structure in all aspects of our business. For 2024, we will be focused on the following:

•Reward our shareholders and investors with a disciplined and balanced capital allocation framework, including opportunities to strengthen our balance sheet by reducing debt or opportunistically repurchasing shares with excess cash.

•Pursue strategic investments and acquisitions with a focus on geographic and revenue stream diversity.

•Build upon the zero-based budget foundation set in 2022 by implementing phase 2, which includes further improvements to our operating and general and administrative cost structure.

Strategic Initiatives

One of our near-term strategic initiatives is centered around unlocking the "sum of the parts" value of our existing business while identifying growth opportunities to diversify the Company’s geographic footprint and revenue stream, including in the alternative energy markets, as well as enhance its scale, compensate investors and develop other areas of its business. For 2024, we will be focused on the following:

•Execute on our strategic initiatives, which may include opportunities to monetize our retail operations or some of our investment in Delek Logistics. The goal being, to help unlock value embedded in the Delek valuation, while also improving liquidity in the market for DKL units without diluting overall DKL market capitalization.


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Management's Discussion and Analysis

•Identify and evaluate investment opportunities that fit our sustainability view and integrate into our current asset footprint, including strategic investments or joint ventures in renewables, incubator investments in new technologies, and other core-business investments that could improve our scalability and agility.

•Deploy integrated solutions to simplify architecture, data management and cybersecurity.


2023 Strategic Developments

The following table highlights our 2023 Strategic Developments:

2023 Key Initiatives

2023 Strategic Developments

Safe & Reliable Operations

Financial Flexibility & Shareholder Returns

Long Term Sustainable Business Model

Improving Discipline Around Outage Spend and Optimizing Downtime:

Successfully completed the Tyler refinery turnaround in the first quarter of 2023 with zero process or safety incidents. The turnaround was completed substantially on time and on budget and positions us to capture market opportunities.

Implementing Phase 1 of Our Zero-Based Budget:

We have taken steps to improve the efficiency of our cost structure and to align with our strategic priorities to drive cost efficiencies, which include cost reductions in general and administrative expenses. We are targeting $100 million annual run-rate cost reduction.

Reducing Debt to Provide Shareholder Value:

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we reduced our long-term obligations by approximately $463.2 million.

Executing Safe and Reliable Operations:

Our focus on safe and reliable operations allowed us to achieve record throughput during 2023.

Focus on Leadership:

In March 2023, Joseph Israel was named EVP, Operations and is responsible for refining operations at Delek. Mr. Israel has 25 years of energy experience and a proven track record of driving operational excellence. Also in March 2023, Patrick Reilly was appointed EVP and Chief Commercial Officer. Mr. Reilly will work closely with Delek's management team to lead the Company's strategies to achieve its short and long-term objectives. Mr. Reilly has over 20 years of energy oil refining and trading experience. In April 2023, Tommy Chavez who has over three decades of refining experience was named SVP, Refining Operations.

Improving Safety Through a Safety Action Plan:

As part of an ongoing review of safety practices across our refining system, we have developed a Safety Action Plan which will require previously un-budgeted capital expenditures and additional labor resources and subject matter experts. The execution of the Safety Action Plan will address a broad range of items, some of which were delayed in implementation due to the pandemic, or for other reasons. This plan resulted in record Tier 1 process safety event performance company-wide in 2023.

Increasing Shareholder Value through Payment of Dividends:

We increased our quarterly cash dividend to $0.245 per share of our common stock which was declared by our Board of Directors on February 20, 2024 and payable on March 8, 2024. In addition, a cash dividend of $0.230 per share of our common stock was paid on May 22, 2023, a cash dividend of $0.235 per share of our common stock was paid on August 21, 2023, and a cash dividend of $0.240 per share of common stock was paid on November 20, 2023.

Increasing Shareholder Value through Share Repurchases:

During the year ended December 31, 2023, 3,562,767 shares of our common stock were repurchased for a total of $85.4 million.

Executing Retail Growth Plans:

In September 2023, we opened a new-to-industry retail location in Tyler, TX. Our first store in this market, which features expanded food serviced and leading digital technology.

Pursuing Zero Incidents:

Our “Drive Zero” effort kicked off in 2023 aimed at building a stronger safety culture and improving operational excellence. We’re committed to both personal safety (mitigating risks that cause smaller scale, local incidents and injuries), and process safety (managing the integrity of our operating systems and process equipment).

Investing in Energy Transition:

We were selected by the DOE Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations to negotiate a cost-sharing agreement in support of a carbon capture pilot project at the Big Spring refinery. The DOE Carbon Capture Large-Scale Pilot Project program provides 70% cost-share for up to $95 million of federal funding to support project development.


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Management's Discussion and Analysis

Significant Known Uncertainties Impacting Delek

Aside from the market trends and the uncertainties inherent to those market drivers many of which are referenced in the 'Executive Summary' above and which are discussed at length in the 'Market Trends' section below, we have also identified certain uncertainties that we believe to be sufficiently significant to our financial results in the near term as to warrant additional discussion. We have included supplemental discussion of those uncertainties, and our efforts for mitigating them, below. However, note that this discussion is to bring additional attention to areas that have been of particular interest to management but should not be considered comprehensive of all known trends and uncertainties which may be relevant. Instead, in the context of all known trends or uncertainties that have had, or that are reasonably likely to have, a material favorable or unfavorable effect on financial results, they should be considered part of the larger discussion on market trends and uncertainties throughout our management's discussion and analysis.

Regulatory Volatility

In June 2022, the EPA finalized volumes for compliance years 2020, 2021 and 2022 under the RFS program (as defined in our accounting policies in Note 2 to consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K), announced supplemental volume obligations for compliance years 2022 and 2023 and established new provisions of the RFS which addressed bio-intermediates. Additionally, the EPA denied the petitions for small refinery exemptions for prior period compliance years. In June 2023, the EPA released final volumes for compliance years 2023, 2024 and 2025. The cost of RINs continues to negatively impact our results of operations. Also of note, movements in crack spreads behave independently from movements in RFS regulatory requirements and RINs prices and thus can disproportionately impact small refiners. For example, in periods of low crack spreads and high RIN costs (which are a function of both regulatory volumetric requirements and market RINs prices), small refineries may experience negative operating results where other, larger refineries with better economies of scale and other competitive advantages may fare better. Even when increases in crack spreads coincide with the independent increases in RIN prices, small refiners may continue to see a larger burden of such costs on crack spread capture in earnings than many larger refineries experience.

Uncertainty remains regarding the impact that proposed EPA rules, or future revisions to proposed rules, may have on RINs prices, which impact the determination of the fair value of our Net RINs Obligation, as well as the fair value of forward RIN commitment contracts. Additionally, while our current Net RINs Obligation reflects current RINs market prices as of December 31, 2023, the financial statement impact, including both the income statement and net cash impact of future changes to enacted Renewable Volume Obligation rates, is not determinable because of the complexity of the Net RINs Obligation and related transactions, where such financial statement impact is dependent upon the following: (1) the composition of the specific Net RINs Obligation (in terms of the vintages of RINs we currently own versus the waived RINs Obligation) and the related market prices at the date each volumetric requirement change is enacted; (2) the composition of our RINs forward commitment contracts that may be settled or positions closed as a result of any enacted change and the related gains or losses; (3) the settlement requirements of related RINs product financing arrangements; and (4) the quantity of and dates at which excess RINs can be sold and the sales price (see also Note 11, Note 12 and Note 18 as well as our related accounting policies related to RINs included in Note 2 of our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K). Enacted regulatory changes could impact our financial results in ways that we cannot currently anticipate.

Delek's Response to Significant Uncertainties Associated with Regulatory Volatility

As discussed above, RFS activities and Renewable Volume Obligation requirements, and their impact on RIN prices, represent a significant risk which has, and could continue to, materially impact our financial results in ways that are currently uncertain. Our efforts to mitigate this risk include the following:

•Actively monitoring EPA rule-making and RFS actions regarding volumetric requirements, remittance due dates, and deferral opportunities in order to make decisions about RINs inventory;

•Proactively monitoring our Net RINs Obligation position (inclusive of our RINs inventory portfolio), by vintage and RIN category, in order to make decisions about the purchase and sale of RINs, based on both a current and forward basis, and considering the risk of floating versus fixed pricing; and

•Incorporating into our strategic priorities activities designed to enhance incremental crack spread capture so that the impact of high RIN prices or RINs price volatility is diminished.

While there continues to be risk around the fair value of the RINs Obligation that we incur and the RINs cost we recognize in our results of operations, we believe that our risk management activities around RINs are comprehensive. That said, because the RINs market is subject to factors outside of our control, there will continue to be risk that RINs cost could adversely affect our financial results. See additional discussion of the effect of RINs prices and volatility on our refining margins in the "Market Trends" section below.

Climate Change

Increasingly unstable environmental conditions and spontaneous extreme weather events are making it costlier and more difficult for oil and gas companies to operate in certain environments. Consequently, climate-change, and related current and proposed regulations, are directly and indirectly impacting industry bottom lines globally and in specific geographic areas where we operate. Current and proposed climate-change and environmental regulations, laws and government policies affect where and how companies invest, conduct their operations and formulate their products and, in some cases, limit their profits directly. There continues to be significant uncertainty around coming regulatory requirements, not just from an operational perspective, but also around what reporting requirements may be, as well as the associated cost.


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Management's Discussion and Analysis

The SEC is currently considering its requirements for ESG reporting in the near term, which may include requirements that independent assurance be obtained and reported for ESG disclosures, similar to financial statement audit reports.

Delek's Response to Significant Uncertainties Associated with Climate Change

We remain committed to complying with all regulations, laws and government policies designed to curb the growing climate-change crisis. In 2021, the Company announced goals to reduce Scope 1 & 2 emissions by 34% through emission reductions and carbon offsets. This goal is aligned with both the IEA’s SDS and the Paris Accord’s goal of limiting warming to less than 2°C above pre-industrial levels. Using 2012 as our baseline, we plan to pursue the reductions via a combination of steps including, but not limited to: energy-efficient operational improvements; transitioning some refinery production away from transportation fuels and towards chemicals; renewable power purchases, when feasible, and offsets, when necessary; and previously executed facility shutdowns that were later divested. We were selected by the DOE Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations to negotiate a cost-sharing agreement in support of a carbon capture pilot project at the Big Spring refinery. The DOE Carbon Capture Large-Scale Pilot Project program provides 70% cost-share for up to $95 million of federal funding to support project development. Our pledge is the first step towards a long-term roadmap which we are seeking to align with the Science Based Target initiatives (SBTi), to move Delek firmly in the direction of the carbon-neutral operating environment as envisioned by the Paris Accords.

We also continue to monitor the activities of the SEC as it works towards issuing reporting compliance rules around ESG and climate change, which includes consideration of framework and/or standards introduced by the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures ("TCFD") Sustainability Accounting Standards Board ("SASB"), so that we may ensure timely compliance with requirements as well as meaningful disclosure for our investors and stakeholders.

Market Trends

Our results of operations are significantly affected by fluctuations in the prices of certain commodities, including, but not limited to, crude oil, gasoline, distillate fuel, biofuels, natural gas and electricity, among others. Historically, the impact of commodity price volatility on our refining margins (as defined in our "Non-GAAP Measures" in MD&A Item 7), specifically as it relates to the price of crude oil as compared to the price of refined products and timing differences in the movements of those prices (subject to our inventory costing methodology), as well as location differentials, may be favorable or unfavorable compared to peers. Additionally, our refining margin profitability is impacted by regulatory factors, including the cost of RINs.

We have positioned the Company to continue to run safely, reliably and environmentally responsibly at near or above nameplate capacity while leveraging our Delek Logistics and retail lines of business with an eye towards the One Delek vision. Many uncertainties remain with respect to the global supply and demand of the crude oil and refined products markets and it is difficult to predict the ultimate economic impacts this may have on our operations. The demand for gasoline and diesel continue to be reshaped after the COVID-19 pandemic. Work from home policies and increased electric vehicle usage have caused increased gasoline inventories which has weakened the gasoline crack spread. Diesel inventories have recently increased and started to normalize. We do expect gasoline and diesel demand to continue to follow typical seasonal patterns. We anticipate additional global refinery capacity to come online in 2024 which will further increase gasoline and diesel inventories and put additional downward pressure on crack spreads. Additionally, if inflation continues to soften, the Federal Reserve may implement rate cuts in 2024 however the cuts are expected to be slow and gradual.

See below for further discussion on how certain key market trends impact our operating results.


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Management's Discussion and Analysis


Crude Prices

WTI crude oil represents the largest component of our crude slate at all of our refineries, and can be sourced through our gathering channels or optimization efforts from Midland, Texas or Cushing, Oklahoma or other locations. We manage our supply chain risk to ensure that we have the barrels to meet our crude slate consumption plan for each month through gathering supply contracts and throughput agreements on various strategic pipelines, some of which include those where we hold equity method investments. We manage market price risk on crude oil through financial derivative hedges, in accordance with our risk management strategies.

The table below reflects the average quarterly prices of WTI Midland and WTI Cushing over the past three years.


Crude Pricing Differentials

Historically, domestic refiners have benefited from the discount for WTI Cushing compared to Brent, a global benchmark crude. This generally leads to higher margins in our refineries, as refined product prices are influenced by Brent crude prices and the majority of our crude supply is WTI-linked. Because of our positioning in the Permian basin, including our access to significant sources of WTI Midland crude through our gathering system, we are even further benefited by discounts for WTI Midland/WTI Cushing differentials. When these discounts shrink or become premiums, our reliance on WTI-linked crude pricing, and specifically WTI Midland crude, can negatively impact our refining margins. Conversely, as these price discounts widen, so does our competitive advantage, created specifically by our access to WTI Midland crude sourced through our gathering systems.

The chart below illustrates the key differentials impacting our refining operations, including WTI Cushing to Brent, WTI Midland to WTI Cushing, and LLS to WTI Cushing over the past three years.


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Management's Discussion and Analysis


Refined Product Prices

We are impacted by refined product prices in two ways: (1) in terms of the prices we are able to sell our refined product for in our refining segment, and (2) in terms of the cost to acquire the refined products to meet Refining production shortfalls (e.g., when we have outages), or to acquire refined fuel products we sell to our wholesale customers in our logistics segment and at our convenience stores in our retail segment. These prices largely depends on numerous factors beyond our control, including the supply of, and demand for, crude oil, gasoline and other refined petroleum products which, in turn, depend on, among other factors, changes in domestic and foreign economies, weather conditions, domestic and foreign political affairs, production levels, the availability of imports, the marketing of competitive fuels and government regulation.

Our refineries produce the following products:

Tyler Refinery

El Dorado Refinery

Big Spring Refinery

Krotz Springs Refinery

Primary Products

Gasoline, jet fuel, ultra-low-sulfur diesel, liquefied petroleum gases, propylene, petroleum coke and sulfur

Gasoline, ultra-low-sulfur diesel, liquefied petroleum gases, propylene, asphalt and sulfur

Gasoline, jet fuel, ultra-low-sulfur diesel, liquefied petroleum gases, propylene, aromatics and sulfur

Gasoline, jet fuel, high-sulfur diesel, light cycle oil, liquefied petroleum gases, propylene and ammonium thiosulfate

The charts below illustrate the quarterly average prices of CBOB, HSD and ULSD over the past three years.


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Management's Discussion and Analysis


Crack Spreads

Crack spreads are used as benchmarks for predicting and evaluating a refinery's product margins by measuring the difference between the market price of feedstocks/crude oil and the resultant refined products. Generally, a crack spread represents the approximate refining margin resulting from processing one barrel of crude oil into its outputs, generally gasoline and diesel fuel.

The table below reflects the quarterly average Gulf Coast 5-3-2 ULSD, 3-2-1 ULSD and 2-1-1 HSD/LLS crack spreads for each of the quarterly periods over the past three years.


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Management's Discussion and Analysis


RIN Volatility

Environmental regulations and the political environment continue to affect our refining margins in the form of volatility in the price of RINs. We enter into future commitments to purchase or sell RINs at fixed prices and quantities, which are used to manage our RINs Obligation. On a consolidated basis, we work to balance our RINs Obligation in order to minimize the effect of RINs prices on our results. While we obtain RINs in our refining and logistics segments through our ethanol and biodiesel blending and generate RINs through biodiesel production, our refining segment still must purchase additional RINs to satisfy its obligations. Additionally, our ability to obtain RINs through blending is limited by our refined product slate, blending capabilities and market constraints. The cost to purchase these additional RINs is a significant cash outflow for our business. Increases in the market prices of RINs generally adversely affect our results of operations through changes in fair value to our existing RINs Obligation, to the extent we do not have offsetting RINs inventory on hand or effective economic hedges through net forward purchase commitments. RINs prices are highly sensitive to regulatory and political influence and conditions, and therefore often do not correlate to movements in crude oil prices, refined product prices or crack spreads. Because of the volatility in RINs prices, it is not possible to predict future RINs cost with certainty, and movements in RINs prices can have significant and unanticipated adverse effects on our refining margins that are outside of our control.

The chart below illustrates the volatility in RINs over the past three years.


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Management's Discussion and Analysis


Energy Costs

Energy costs are a significant element of our Refining EBITDA and can significantly impact our ability to capture crack spreads, with natural gas representing the largest component. Natural gas prices are driven by supply-side factors such as amount of natural gas production, level of natural gas in storage and import and export activity, while demand-side factors include variability of weather, economic growth and the availability and price of other fuels. Refiners and other large-volume fuel consumers may be more or less susceptible to volatility in natural gas prices depending on their consumption levels as well as their capabilities to switch to more economical sources of fuel/energy. Additionally, geographic location of facilities make consumers vulnerable to price differentials of natural gas available at different supply hubs. Within Delek’s geographic footprint, we source the majority of our natural gas from the Gulf Coast, and secondarily from the Permian, coinciding with the physical locations of our refineries. We manage our risk around natural gas prices by entering into variable and fixed-price supply contracts in both the Gulf and Permian Basin or by entering into derivative hedges based on forecasted consumption and forward curve prices, as appropriate, in accordance with our risk policy.

The charts below illustrate the quarterly average prices of Waha (Permian Basin) and Henry Hub (Gulf Coast) over the past three years. 2199023266610

Non-GAAP Measures

Our management uses certain “non-GAAP” operational measures to evaluate our operating segment performance and non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate past performance and prospects for the future to supplement our GAAP financial information presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. These financial and operational non-GAAP measures are important factors in assessing our operating results and profitability and include:

•Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") - calculated as net income (loss) attributable to Delek adjusted to add back interest expense, income tax expense, depreciation and amortization; and

•Refining margin - calculated as gross margin (which we define as sales minus cost of sales) adjusted for operating expenses and depreciation and amortization included in cost of sales.

We believe these non-GAAP operational and financial measures are useful to investors, lenders, ratings agencies and analysts to assess our ongoing performance because, when reconciled to their most comparable GAAP financial measure, they provide improved comparability between periods through the exclusion of certain items that we believe are not indicative of our core operating performance and they may obscure our underlying results and trends.

Non-GAAP measures have important limitations as analytical tools, because they exclude some, but not all, items that affect net earnings and operating income. These measures should not be considered substitutes for their most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measures.


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Management's Discussion and Analysis

Non-GAAP Reconciliations

The following table provides a reconciliation of segment EBITDA to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure, net income attributable to Delek:

Reconciliation of segment EBITDA to net income attributable to Delek (in millions)


	Year Ended December 31,
		2023		2022
Refining segment EBITDA		$	529.4	$	719.1
Logistics segment EBITDA (1)		363.0		304.8
Retail segment EBITDA		46.9		44.1
Corporate, Other and Eliminations EBITDA (2)		(244.6)		(264.7)
EBITDA attributable to Delek		$	694.7	$	803.3
Interest expense, net		(318.2)		(195.3)
Income tax expense		(5.1)		(63.9)
Depreciation and amortization		(351.6)		(287.0)
Net income attributable to Delek		$	19.8	$	257.1

(1) Includes a $14.8 million goodwill impairment charge for the year ended December 31, 2023. Refer to Note 16 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets to our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information.

(2) Includes a $23.1 million right-of-use asset impairment charge for the year ended December 31, 2023. Refer to Note 19 - Restructuring to our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information.

The following table provides a reconciliation of refining margin to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure, gross margin:

Reconciliation of refining margin to gross margin (in millions)


Refining Segment
	Year Ended December 31,
		2023		2022
Total revenues		$	16,406.9	$	19,763.0
Cost of sales		16,095.7		19,240.4
Gross margin		$	311.2	$	522.6
Add back (items included in cost of sales):
Operating expenses (excluding depreciation and amortization)		619.2		622.5
Depreciation and amortization		234.2		205.1
Refining margin		$	1,164.6	$	1,350.2


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Management's Discussion and Analysis

Summary Financial and Other Information

The following table provides summary financial data for Delek (in millions):


Summary Statement of Operations Data (1)	Year Ended December 31,

		2023		2022 (2)
Net revenues		$	16,917.4	$	20,245.8
Cost of sales:
Cost of materials and other		15,112.0		18,355.6
Operating expenses (excluding depreciation and amortization presented below)		770.6		718.1
Depreciation and amortization		322.8		263.8
Total cost of sales		16,205.4		19,337.5
Insurance proceeds		(20.3)		(31.2)

Operating expenses related to retail and wholesale business (excluding depreciation and amortization presented below)		106.5		106.8
General and administrative expenses		286.4		332.5
Depreciation and amortization		28.8		23.2
Asset impairment		37.9		—
Other operating income, net		(7.2)		(12.5)
Total operating costs and expenses		16,637.5		19,756.3
Operating income		279.9		489.5
Interest expense, net		318.2		195.3
Income from equity method investments		(86.2)		(57.7)






Other income, net		(3.9)		(2.5)
Total non-operating expenses, net		228.1		135.1
Income before income tax expense		51.8		354.4
Income tax expense		5.1		63.9





Net income		46.7		290.5
Net income attributed to non-controlling interests		26.9		33.4
Net income attributable to Delek		$	19.8	$	257.1

(1) This information is presented at a summary level for your reference. See the Consolidated Statements of Income included in item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more detail regarding our results of operations and net income per share.

(2) In the first quarter 2023, we reassessed the classification of certain expenses and made certain reclassification adjustments to better represent the nature of those expenses. Accordingly, we have made reclassifications to the prior period in order to conform to this revised current period classification, which resulted in a decrease in the prior period general and administrative expenses and an increase in the prior period operating expenses of approximately $16.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

We report operating results in three reportable segments:

•Refining

•Logistics

•Retail

Decisions concerning the allocation of resources and assessment of operating performance are made based on this segmentation. Management measures the operating performance of each of its reportable segments based on the segment EBITDA.


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Management's Discussion and Analysis

Results of Operations

Consolidated Results of Operations — Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2023 versus the Year Ended December 31, 2022

Net Income

2023 vs. 2022

Consolidated net income for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $46.7 million compared to a net income of $290.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Consolidated net income attributable to Delek for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $19.8 million, or $0.30 per basic share, compared to income of $257.1 million, or $3.63 per basic share, for the year ended December 31, 2022. Explanations for significant drivers impacting net income as compared to the comparable period of the prior year are discussed in the sections below.

Net Revenues

2023 vs. 2022

We generated net revenues of $16,917.4 million and $20,245.8 million during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, a decrease of $3,328.4 million, or 16.4%. The decrease in net revenues was primarily due to the following:

•in our refining segment, decreases in the average price of U.S. Gulf Coast gasoline of 15.5%, ULSD of 21.4%, and HSD of 36.2% and decreases in wholesale activity, partially offset by an increase in sales volume (including purchased product);

•in our logistics segment, increased volumes from the Midland Gathering operations and incremental revenues from the Delaware Gathering Acquisition, partially offset by decreases in the average volumes of diesel sold and in the average sales price per gallon of diesel and gasoline sold in our West Texas marketing operations; and

•in our retail segment, a decrease in total fuel sales primarily attributable to a $0.47 decrease in average price charged per gallon sold, partially offset by an increase in merchandise sales primarily driven by the same-store sales increase of 0.6% and an increase in total retail fuel gallons sold.

Total Operating Costs and Expenses

Cost of Materials and Other

2023 vs. 2022

Cost of materials and other was $15,112.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $18,355.6 million for year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $3,243.6 million, or 17.7%. The net decrease in cost of materials and other primarily related to the following:

•a decrease in the cost of crude oil feedstocks at the refineries, including a 17.9% decrease in the average cost of WTI Cushing crude oil and a 17.8% decrease in the average cost of WTI Midland crude oil and decreased wholesale activity;

•decreases in the average diesel volumes sold and average cost per gallon of gasoline and diesel sold, partially offset by incremental cost of materials and other from the Delaware Gathering Acquisition in our logistics segment; and

•a decrease in retail cost of materials and other due to 14.0% decrease in average cost per gallon sold applied to higher fuel sales volumes.

Insurance Proceeds

2023 vs. 2022

Insurance proceeds were $20.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $31.2 million in year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $10.9 million, or 34.9%. The decrease in insurance proceeds was due to following:

•For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized $10.0 million of business interruption and property damage insurance recoveries compared to $31.2 million of business interruption insurance recoveries in the 2022 period related to the fire and freeze events that occurred during the first quarter 2021; and

•For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized $10.3 million of insurance recoveries related to property damage with no comparable activity in the 2022 period related to the fire events that occurred during the fourth quarter 2022.

Refer to Note 13 of our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information.


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Management's Discussion and Analysis

Operating Expenses

2023 vs. 2022

Operating expenses (included in both cost of sales and other operating expenses) were $877.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $824.9 million in year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $52.2 million, or 6.3%. The increase in operating expenses was primarily driven by the following:

•an increase in maintenance costs including costs related to our Safety Action Plan;

•an additional $8.7 million expense for uncovered litigation, claims and assessments associated with the 2021 El Dorado refinery fire; and

•an increase in employee costs.

These increases were partially offset by the following:

•lower natural gas prices in 2023.

General and Administrative Expenses

2023 vs. 2022

General and administrative expenses were $286.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $332.5 million in year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $46.1 million, or 13.9%. The decrease was primarily driven by a decrease in employee costs including incentive compensation costs and no transaction costs related to the Delaware Gathering Acquisition in the 2023 period.

Depreciation and Amortization

2023 vs. 2022

Depreciation and amortization (included in both cost of sales and other operating expenses) was $351.6 million and $287.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, an increase of $64.6 million, or 22.5%. The increase was a result of a general increase in our fixed asset base due to capital projects and turnarounds completed since the first quarter of 2022 and depreciation and amortization attributable to the Delaware Gathering Acquisition.

Asset Impairment

2023 vs. 2022

Asset impairment was $37.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Asset impairment included $14.8 million of goodwill impairment and $23.1 million of right-of-use asset impairment. The goodwill impairment is related to our Delaware Gathering reporting unit due to significant increases in interest rates and timing of system connections with our producer customers. The right-of-use asset impairment related to leased crude oil tanks in Canada that were not needed to support the future growth of our business. Refer to Note 16 and Note 19 to our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information.

There was no asset impairment in the year ended December 31, 2022.

Other Operating Income, Net

2023 vs. 2022

Other operating income, net was $7.2 million and $12.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, a decrease of $5.3 million, primarily due to decreased hedge gains in 2023 compared to 2022 associated with our derivatives.


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Management's Discussion and Analysis

Non-Operating Expenses, Net

Interest Expense, Net

2023 vs. 2022

Interest expense, net was $318.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $195.3 million for year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $122.9 million, or 62.9% primarily due to the following:

•an increase in the average effective interest rate of 390 basis points during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 (where effective interest rate is calculated as interest expense divided by the net average borrowings/obligations outstanding); and

•an increase in net average borrowings outstanding (including the obligations under the supply and offtake agreements which have an associated interest charge) of approximately $151.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 (calculated as a simple average of beginning borrowings/obligations and ending borrowings/obligations for the period) compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Results from Equity Method Investments

2023 vs. 2022

We recognized income from equity method investments of $86.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $57.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $28.5 million. This increase was primarily driven by the following:

•an increase in income from our asphalt terminal equity method investment due to higher volumes and resulting revenue increases; and

•an increase in income from our investment in W2W Holdings LLC to $22.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 from $7.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2022.

Income Taxes

2023 vs. 2022

For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded income tax expense of $5.1 million compared to $63.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily driven by the following:

•a decrease in pre-tax net income of $302.6 million, and

•Our effective tax rates were 9.8% and 18.0% for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, due to the impact of fixed dollar favorable permanent differences on the tax rate and changes in valuation allowance on state attributes.


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Management's Discussion and Analysis


Refining Segment

The tables and charts below set forth selected information concerning our refining segment operations ($ in millions, except per barrel amounts):


Selected Refining Financial Information
	Year Ended December 31,
		2023		2022
Revenues		$	16,406.9	$	19,763.0
Cost of materials and other		15,242.3		18,412.8
Refining Margin		$	1,164.6	$	1,350.2

Operating expenses (excluding depreciation and amortization) (1)		$	619.2	$	622.5

Refining segment EBITDA		$	529.4	$	719.1

(1) Reflects the prior period conforming reclassification adjustment between operating expenses and general and administrative expenses.

Factors Impacting Refining Profitability

Our profitability in the refining segment is substantially determined by the difference between the cost of the crude oil feedstocks we purchase and the price of the refined products we sell, referred to as the "crack spread", "refining margin" or "refined product margin". Refining margin is used as a metric to assess a refinery's product margins against market crack spread trends, where "crack spread" is a measure of the difference between market prices for crude oil and refined products and is a commonly used proxy within the industry to estimate or identify trends in refining margins.

The cost to acquire feedstocks and the price of the refined petroleum products we ultimately sell from our refineries depend on numerous factors beyond our control, including the supply of, and demand for, crude oil, gasoline and other refined petroleum products which, in turn, depend on, among other factors, changes in domestic and foreign economies, weather conditions such as hurricanes or tornadoes, local, domestic and foreign political affairs, global conflict, production levels, the availability of imports, the marketing of competitive fuels and government regulation. Other significant factors that influence our results in the refining segment include operating costs (particularly the cost of natural gas used for fuel and the cost of electricity), seasonal factors, refinery utilization rates and planned or unplanned maintenance activities or turnarounds. Moreover, while the fluctuations in the cost of crude oil are typically reflected in the prices of light refined products, such as gasoline and diesel fuel, the price of other residual products, such as asphalt, coke, carbon black oil and LPG are less likely to move in parallel with crude cost. This could cause additional pressure on our realized margin during periods of rising or falling crude oil prices.

Additionally, our margins are impacted by the pricing differentials of the various types and sources of crude oil we use at our refineries and their relation to product pricing. Our crude slate is predominantly comprised of WTI crude oil. Therefore, favorable differentials of WTI compared to other crude will favorably impact our operating results, and vice versa. Additionally, because of our gathering system presence in the Midland area and the significant source of crude specifically from that region into our network, a widening of the WTI Cushing less WTI Midland spread will favorably influence the operating margin for our refineries. Alternatively, a narrowing of this differential will have an adverse effect on our operating margins. Global product prices are influenced by the price of Brent which is a global benchmark crude. Global product prices influence product prices in the U.S. As a result, our refineries are influenced by the spread between Brent and WTI Midland. The Brent less WTI Midland spread represents the differential between the average per barrel price of Brent crude oil and the average per barrel price of WTI Midland crude oil. A widening of the spread between Brent and WTI Midland will favorably influence our refineries' operating margins. Also, the Krotz Springs refinery is influenced by the spread between Brent and LLS. The Brent less LLS spread represents the differential between the average per barrel price of Brent and the average per barrel price of LLS crude oil. A discount in LLS relative to Brent will favorably influence the Krotz Springs refinery operating margin.

Finally, Refining EBITDA is impacted by regulatory costs associated with the cost of RINs as well as energy costs, including the cost of natural gas. In periods of unfavorable regulatory sentiment, RINs prices can increase at higher rates than crack spreads, or even when crack spreads are declining. This can be particularly impactful on smaller refineries, where the operating cost structure does not have as much scalability as larger refineries. Additionally, volatility in energy costs, which are captured in our operating expenses and impact our Refining EBITDA, can significantly impact our ability to capture crack spreads, with natural gas representing the most significant component. Within Delek’s geographic footprint, we source the majority of our natural gas from the Gulf Coast, and secondarily from the Permian, and we do not currently have the capability at our refineries to switch our energy consumption to utilize alternative sources of fuel. For this reason, unfavorable Gulf Coast (Henry Hub) differentials can impact our crack spread capture.


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Management's Discussion and Analysis

The cost to acquire the refined fuel products we sell to our wholesale customers in our logistics segment and at our convenience stores in our retail segment largely depends on numerous factors beyond our control, including the supply of, and demand for, crude oil, gasoline and other refined petroleum products which, in turn, depend on, among other factors, changes in domestic and foreign economies, weather conditions, domestic and foreign political affairs, production levels, the availability of imports, the marketing of competitive fuels and government regulation.

In addition to the above, it continues to be a strategic and operational objective to manage price and supply risk related to crude oil that is used in refinery production, and to develop strategic sourcing relationships. For that purpose, from a pricing perspective, we enter into commodity derivative contracts to manage our price exposure to our inventory positions, future purchases of crude oil and ethanol, future sales of refined products or to fix margins on future production. We also enter into future commitments to purchase or sell RINs at fixed prices and quantities, which are used to manage our RINs Obligation. Additionally, from a sourcing perspective, we often enter into purchase and sale contracts with vendors and customers or take physical or financial commodity positions for crude oil that may not be used immediately in production, but that may be used to manage the overall supply and availability of crude expected to ultimately be needed for production and/or to meet minimum requirements under strategic pipeline arrangements, and also to optimize and hedge availability risks associated with crude that we ultimately expect to use in production. Such transactions are inherently based on certain assumptions and judgments made about the current and possible future availability of crude. Therefore, when we take physical or financial positions for optimization purposes, our intent is generally to take offsetting positions in quantities and at prices that will advance these objectives while minimizing our positional and financial statement risk. However, because of the volatility of the market in terms of pricing and availability, it is possible that we may have material positions with timing differences or, more rarely, that we are unable to cover a position with an offsetting position as intended. Such differences could have a material impact on the classification of resulting gains/losses, assets or liabilities, and could also significantly impact Refining EBITDA.


Refinery Statistics

	Year Ended December 31,

		2023		2022

Total Refining Segment
Days in period		365		365
Total sales volume - refined product (average bpd) (1)		298,617		299,004
Total production (average bpd)		291,802		290,041
Crude oil		278,231		281,205
Other feedstocks		15,998		10,558
Total throughput (average bpd):		294,229		291,763





Crude Slate: (% based on amount received in period)
WTI crude oil		73.0	%	68.2	%
Gulf Coast Sweet Crude		4.3	%	7.8	%
Local Arkansas crude oil		4.0	%	4.1	%
Other		18.7	%	19.9	%

Crude utilization (% based on nameplate capacity)		92.1	%	93.1	%


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Management's Discussion and Analysis




Refinery Statistics (continued)
	Year Ended December 31,

		2023			2022

Tyler, TX Refinery
Days in period		365			365
Products manufactured (average bpd):
Gasoline		33,442			36,847
Diesel/Jet		28,670			31,419
Petrochemicals, LPG, natural gas liquids ("NGLs")		2,341			2,114
Other		1,691			1,825
Total production		66,144			72,205
Throughput (average bpd):
Crude Oil		63,210			70,114
Other feedstocks		3,617			2,604
Total throughput		66,827			72,718
Per barrel of throughput:
Operating expenses (2)		$	5.08		$	5.24
Crude Slate: (% based on amount received in period)
WTI crude oil		79.5		%	84.7		%
East Texas crude oil		20.5		%	15.0		%
Other		—		%	0.3		%

El Dorado, AR Refinery
Days in period		365			365
Products manufactured (average bpd):
Gasoline		38,868			38,738
Diesel		30,061			30,334
Petrochemicals, LPG, NGLs		1,495			1,255
Asphalt		7,711			7,782
Other		877			1,200
Total production		79,012			79,309
Throughput (average bpd):
Crude Oil		77,423			76,806
Other feedstocks		3,262			3,646
Total throughput		80,685			80,452
Per barrel of throughput:
Operating expenses (2)		$	4.59		$	4.61
Crude Slate: (% based on amount received in period)
WTI crude oil		67.3		%	55.1		%
Local Arkansas crude oil		14.0		%	15.3		%
Other		18.7		%	29.6		%


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Management's Discussion and Analysis


Refinery Statistics (continued)
	Year Ended December 31,

		2023			2022

Big Spring, TX Refinery
Days in period		365			365
Products manufactured (average bpd):
Gasoline		32,386			30,689
Diesel/Jet		22,390			22,125
Petrochemicals, LPG, NGLs		3,593			2,942
Asphalt		1,983			1,721
Other		3,129			1,481
Total production		63,481			58,958
Throughput (average bpd):
Crude oil		60,236			59,476
Other feedstocks		4,223			191
Total throughput		64,459			59,667
Per barrel of refined throughput:
Operating expenses (2)		$	7.92		$	7.48
Crude Slate: (% based on amount received in period)
WTI crude oil		68.5		%	70.1		%
WTS crude oil		31.5		%	29.9		%

Krotz Springs, LA Refinery
Days in period		365			365
Products manufactured (average bpd):
Gasoline		40,805			34,370
Diesel/Jet		31,589			31,576
Heavy Oils		3,785			2,418
Petrochemicals, LPG, NGLs		6,525			6,749
Other		460			4,458
Total production		83,164			79,571
Throughput (average bpd):
Crude Oil		77,361			74,808
Other feedstocks		4,896			4,118
Total throughput		82,257			78,926
Per barrel of throughput:
Operating expenses (2)		$	4.96		$	5.25
Crude Slate: (% based on amount received in period)
WTI Crude		77.4		%	63.4		%
Gulf Coast Sweet Crude		15.1		%	29.8		%
Other		7.5		%	6.8		%

(1) Includes inter-refinery sales and sales to other segments which are eliminated in consolidation. See tables below.

(2) Reflects the prior period conforming reclassification adjustment between operating expenses and general and administrative expenses.


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Management's Discussion and Analysis

Included in the refinery statistics above are the following sales to other segments:


Refinery Sales to Other Segments
	Year Ended December 31,
(in barrels per day)		2023	2022



El Dorado refined product sales to other Delek segments		—	4
Big Spring refined product sales to other Delek segments		21,165	19,828


Pricing Statistics (average for the period presented)
	Year Ended December 31,
		2023		2022


WTI — Cushing crude oil (per barrel)		$	77.69	$	94.62
WTI — Midland crude oil (per barrel)		$	78.90	$	95.93
WTS — Midland crude oil (per barrel)		$	77.61	$	94.29
LLS (per barrel)		$	80.18	$	96.85
Brent (per barrel)		$	82.21	$	99.06

U.S. Gulf Coast 5-3-2 crack spread (per barrel) (1)		$	27.02	$	33.36
U.S. Gulf Coast 3-2-1 crack spread (per barrel) (1)		$	25.93	$	31.41
U.S. Gulf Coast 2-1-1 crack spread (per barrel) (1)		$	14.70	$	25.73

U.S. Gulf Coast unleaded gasoline (per gallon)		$	2.34	$	2.77
Gulf Coast ultra-low sulfur diesel (per gallon)		$	2.72	$	3.46
U.S. Gulf Coast high sulfur diesel (per gallon)		$	1.85	$	2.90
Natural gas (per MMBtu)		$	2.66	$	6.54

(1)For our Tyler and El Dorado refineries, we compare our per barrel refining product margin to the Gulf Coast 5-3-2 crack spread consisting of (Argus pricing) WTI Cushing crude, U.S. Gulf Coast CBOB gasoline and U.S. Gulf Coast Pipeline No. 2 heating oil (ultra-low sulfur diesel). For our Big Spring refinery, we compare our per barrel refining margin to the Gulf Coast 3-2-1 crack spread consisting of (Argus pricing) WTI Cushing crude, U.S. Gulf Coast CBOB gasoline and Gulf Coast ultra-low sulfur diesel. Starting in Q1 2023, for our Krotz Springs refinery, we compare our per barrel refining margin to the Gulf Coast 2-1-1 crack spread consisting of (Argus pricing) LLS crude oil, (Argus pricing) U.S. Gulf Coast CBOB gasoline and 50% of (Argus pricing) U.S. Gulf Coast Pipeline No. 2 heating oil (high sulfur diesel) and 50% of (Platts pricing) U.S. Gulf Coast Pipeline No. 2 heating oil (high sulfur diesel). Historical Gulf Coast 2-1-1 crack spread measures have been revised to conform to current period presentation. The Tyler refinery's crude oil input is primarily WTI Midland and East Texas, while the El Dorado refinery's crude input is primarily a combination of WTI Midland, local Arkansas and other domestic inland crude oil. The Big Spring refinery’s crude oil input is primarily comprised of WTS and WTI Midland. The Krotz Springs refinery’s crude oil input is primarily comprised of LLS and WTI Midland.


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Management's Discussion and Analysis

Refining Segment Operational Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2023 versus the Year Ended December 31, 2022

Revenues

2023 vs. 2022

Revenues for the refining segment decreased $3,356.1 million, or 17.0%, in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily driven by the following:

•a decrease in the average price of U.S. Gulf Coast gasoline of 15.5%, ULSD of 21.4%, and HSD of 36.2%; and

•a decrease in wholesale activity.

These decreases were partially offset by the following:

•an increase in sales volumes (including purchased products).

Revenues included sales to our retail segment of $432.5 million and $511.7 million, sales to our logistics segment of $396.3 million and $496.6 million and sales to the other segment of $0.0 million and $23.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We eliminate this intercompany revenue in consolidation.

Cost of Materials and Other

2023 vs. 2022

Cost of materials and other decreased $3,170.5 million, or 17.2%, in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. This decrease was primarily driven by the following:

•decreases in the cost of WTI Cushing crude oil, from an average of $94.62 per barrel to an average of $77.69, or 17.9%, and decreases in the cost of WTI Midland crude oil, from an average of $95.93 per barrel to an average of $78.90, or 17.8%; and

•a decrease in wholesale activity.

These decreases were partially offset by the following:

•an increase in sales volumes (including purchased products).

Our refining segment purchases finished product from our logistics segment and has multiple service agreements with our logistics segment which, among other things, require the refining segment to pay terminalling and storage fees based on the throughput volume of crude and finished product in the logistics segment pipelines and the volume of crude and finished product stored in the logistics segment storage tanks, subject to minimum volume commitments. These costs and fees were $562.2 million and $477.1 million during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We eliminate these intercompany fees in consolidation.

Refining Margin

2023 vs. 2022

Refining margin decreased by $185.6 million, or 13.7%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, with a refining margin percentage of 7.1% as compared to 6.8% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, primarily driven by the following:

•a 19.0% decrease in the 5-3-2 crack spread (the primary measure for the Tyler refinery and El Dorado refinery), a 17.4% decrease in the average Gulf Coast 3-2-1 crack spread (the primary measure for the Big Spring refinery) and a 42.9% decrease in the average Gulf Coast 2-1-1 crack spread (the primary measure for the Krotz Springs refinery).

These decreases were partially offset by the following:

•lower natural gas prices.

Operating Expenses

2023 vs. 2022

Operating expenses decreased by $3.3 million, or 0.5%, in the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in operating expenses was primarily driven by the following:

•lower natural gas in 2023.

These decreases were partially offset by the following:

•higher employee, outside service and maintenance costs including costs related to our Safety Action Plan.


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Management's Discussion and Analysis

EBITDA

2023 vs. 2022

EBITDA decreased by $189.7 million, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to a decrease in refining margin driven by decreased crack spreads.


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Management's Discussion and Analysis


Logistics Segment

The table below sets forth certain information concerning our logistics segment operations ($ in millions, except per barrel amounts):


Selected Logistics Financial and Operating Information
	Year Ended December 31,
		2023		2022
Revenues		$	1,020.4	$	1,036.4
Cost of materials and other		$	532.6	$	641.4
Operating expenses (excluding depreciation and amortization)		$	118.1	$	88.3
EBITDA (1)		$	363.0	$	304.8

Operating Information:
Gathering & Processing: (average bpd)
Lion Pipeline System:
Crude pipelines (non-gathered)		67,003		78,519
Refined products pipelines		58,181		56,382
SALA Gathering System		13,782		15,391
East Texas Crude Logistics System		32,668		21,310
Midland Gathering Assets (2)		230,471		128,725
Plains Connection System		250,140		183,827
Delaware Gathering Assets: (3)
Natural gas gathering and processing (Mcfd) (4)		71,239		60,971
Crude oil gathering (average bpd)		111,335		87,519
Water disposal and recycling (average bpd)		102,340		72,056

Wholesale Marketing & Terminalling:
East Texas - Tyler refinery sales volumes (average bpd) (5)		60,626		66,058
Big Spring wholesale marketing throughputs (average bpd)		77,897		71,580
West Texas wholesale marketing throughputs (average bpd)		10,032		10,206
West Texas wholesale marketing margin per barrel		$	5.18	$	4.45
Terminalling throughputs (average bpd) (6)		113,803		132,262

(2) Formerly known as the Permian Gathering System.

(3) Formally known as 3 Bear, which was acquired June 1, 2022.

(4) Mcfd - average thousand cubic feet per day.

(5) Excludes jet fuel and petroleum coke.

(6) Consists of terminalling throughputs at our Tyler, Big Spring, Big Sandy and Mount Pleasant, Texas terminals, El Dorado and North Little Rock, Arkansas terminals and Memphis and Nashville, Tennessee terminals.

Logistics revenue is largely based on fixed-fee or tariff rates charged for throughput volumes running through our logistics network, where many of those volumes are contractually protected by MVCs. To the extent that our logistics volumes are not subject to MVCs, our Logistics revenue may be negatively impacted in periods where our customers are experiencing economic pressures or reductions in demand for their products. Additionally, certain of our throughput arrangements contain deficiency credit provisions that may require us to defer excess MVC fees collected over actual throughputs to apply toward MVC deficiencies in future periods. With respect to our equity method investments in pipeline joint ventures, our earnings from those investments (which is based on our pro rata ownership percentage of the joint venture's recognized net income or loss) are directly impacted by the operations of those joint ventures. Items impacting the joint venture net income (loss) may include (but are not limited to) the following: long-term throughput contractual arrangements and related MVCs and, in some cases, deficiency credit provisions; the demand for walk-up nominations; applicable rates or tariffs; long-lived asset or other impairments assessed at the joint venture level; and pipeline releases or other contingent liabilities. With respect to our West Texas marketing activities, our profitability is dependent upon the cost of landed product versus the rack price of refined product sold. Our logistics segment is generally protected from commodity price risk because inventory is purchased and then immediately sold at the rack.


84 \|

Management's Discussion and Analysis

Logistics Segment Operational Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2023 versus the Year Ended December 31, 2022

Revenues

2023 vs. 2022

Net revenues decreased by $16.0 million, or 1.5%, in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily driven by the following:

•decreased revenue of $99.6 million in our West Texas marketing operations primarily driven by decreases in the average sales prices per gallon and the average volumes of diesel sold in our West Texas marketing operations:

◦the average sales prices per gallon of gasoline and diesel sold decreased by $0.46 per gallon and $0.73 per gallon, respectively; and

◦the volumes of diesel sold decreased by 3.6 million gallons, partially offset by a 0.6 million increase in gallons of gasoline sold.

These decreases were partially offset by the following:

•increase in revenue as a result of our Delaware Gathering operations, which began in June 2022; and

•increase in volumes associated with Midland Gathering operations primarily due to new connections finalized during 2022.

Revenues included sales to our refining segment of $562.2 million and $477.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and sales to our other segment of $1.6 million and $2.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We eliminate this intercompany revenue in consolidation.

Cost of Materials and Other

2023 vs. 2022

Cost of materials and other for the logistics segment decreased by $108.8 million, or 17.0%, in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. This decrease was primarily driven by the following:

•decrease in costs of materials and other in our West Texas marketing operations primarily driven by decreases in the average cost per gallon and the average volumes of diesel sold in our West Texas marketing operations:

◦the average cost per gallon of gasoline and diesel sold decreased by $0.49 per gallon and $0.74 per gallon, respectively; and

◦the volumes of diesel sold decreased by 3.6 million gallons, partially offset by a 0.6 million increase in gallons of gasoline sold.

These increases were partially offset by the following:

•increase in cost of materials and other as a result of our Delaware Gathering operations, which began in June 2022.

Our logistics segment purchased product from our refining segment of $396.3 million and $496.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We eliminate these intercompany costs in consolidation.


85 \|

Management's Discussion and Analysis

Operating Expenses

2023 vs. 2022

Operating expenses increased by $29.8 million, or 33.7%, in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily driven by incremental expenses associated with Delaware Gathering Acquisition.

EBITDA

2023 vs. 2022

EBITDA increased by $58.2 million, or 19.1%, in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily driven by the following:

•higher throughput volumes; and

•incremental EBITDA from the Delaware Gathering Acquisition.

These increases were partially offset by the following:

•A $14.8 million goodwill impairment related to our Delaware Gathering reporting unit due to significant increases in interest rates and timing of system connections with our producer customers.


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Management's Discussion and Analysis


Retail Segment

The tables below set forth certain information concerning our retail segment operations ($ in millions):


Selected Retail Financial and Operating Information
	Year Ended December 31,
		2023		2022
Revenues		$	882.7	$	956.9
Cost of materials and other		$	719.2	$	796.3
Operating expenses (excluding depreciation and amortization)		$	102.1	$	97.8

EBITDA		$	46.9	$	44.1


Operating Information
	Year Ended December 31,
		2023			2022
Number of stores (end of period)		250			249
Average number of stores		250			249
Average number of fuel stores		245			244
Retail fuel sales		$	566.6		$	642.2
Retail fuel sales (thousands of gallons)		172,452			170,668
Average retail gallons per average number of stores (in thousands)		704			701
Average retail sales price per gallon sold		$	3.29		$	3.76
Retail fuel margin ($ per gallon) (1)		$	0.331		$	0.327
Merchandise sales (in millions)		$	316.1		$	314.7
Merchandise sales per average number of stores (in millions)		$	1.3		$	1.3
Merchandise margin %		33.7		%	33.3		%


Same-Store Comparison (2)
	Year Ended December 31,
		2023		2022

Change in same-store retail fuel gallons sold		0.7	%	2.5	%
Change in same-store merchandise sales		0.6	%	0.3	%

(1)Retail fuel margin represents gross margin on fuel sales in the retail segment, and is calculated as retail fuel sales revenue less retail fuel cost of sales. The retail fuel margin per gallon calculation is derived by dividing retail fuel margin by the total retail fuel gallons sold for the period.

(2)Same-store comparisons include year-over-year changes in specified metrics for stores that were in service at both the beginning of the year and the end of the most recent year used in the comparison.

Our retail merchandise sales are driven by convenience, customer service, competitive pricing and branding. Motor fuel margin is sales less the delivered cost of fuel and motor fuel taxes, measured on a cents per gallon basis. Our motor fuel margins are impacted by local supply, demand, weather, competitor pricing and product brand.


87 \|

Management's Discussion and Analysis

Retail Segment Operational Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2023 versus the Year Ended December 31, 2022

Revenues

2023 vs. 2022

Revenues for the retail segment decreased by $74.2 million, or 7.8%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily driven by the following:

•a decrease in total fuel sales which were $566.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $642.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily attributable to a $0.47 decrease in average price charged per gallon sold.

These decreases were partially offset by the following:

•an increase in total retail fuel gallons sold of 172,452 thousand gallons during 2023 compared to 170,668 thousand gallons in 2022, primarily attributable to a same-store increase in fuel volumes of 0.7%

•an increase in merchandise sales to $316.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $314.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily driven by the same-store sales increase of 0.6%.

Cost of Materials and Other

2023 vs. 2022

Cost of materials and other for the retail segment decreased by $77.1 million, or 9.7%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily driven by the following:

•a decrease in average cost per gallon of $0.48, or 14.0%.

Our retail segment purchased finished product from our refining segment of $432.5 million and $511.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We eliminate this intercompany cost in consolidation.

Operating Expenses

2023 vs. 2022

Operating expenses for the retail segment increased by $4.3 million, or 4.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily driven by higher employee cost in 2023.

EBITDA

2023 vs. 2022

EBITDA for the retail segment increased by $2.8 million, or 6.3%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily driven by the following:

•an increase in average fuel margin of $0.004 per gallon and an increase in fuel sales volume; and

•a 0.4% increase in merchandise sales.

These increases were partially offset by the following:

•an increase in operating expenses due to higher employee costs.

A detailed discussion of the fiscal year 2022 compared to year-over-year changes from fiscal year 2021 can be found in Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis, "Results of Operations", of our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed on March 1, 2023.


88 \|

Management's Discussion and Analysis

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Capital

Our primary sources of liquidity and capital resources are

•cash generated from our operating activities;

•borrowings under our debt facilities; and

•potential issuances of additional equity and debt securities.

At December 31, 2023 our total liquidity amounted to $1.9 billion comprised primarily of $1,084.0 million in unused credit commitments under our revolving credit facilities (as discussed in Note 10 of our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K) and $822.2 million in cash and cash equivalents. Historically, we have generated adequate cash from operations to fund ongoing working capital requirements, pay quarterly cash dividends and fund operational capital expenditures. On February 20, 2024, our Board of Directors approved a quarterly cash dividend of $0.245 per share of our common stock.

Other funding sources including borrowings under existing credit agreements, and issuance of equity and debt securities have been utilized to meet our funding requirements and support our growth capital projects and acquisitions. In addition, we have historically been able to source funding at terms that reflect market conditions, our financial position and our credit ratings and expect future funding sources to be at terms that are sustainable and profitable for the Company. However, there can be no assurances regarding the availability of future debt or equity financings or whether such financings can be made available on terms that are acceptable to us; any execution of such financing activities will be dependent on the contemporaneous availability of functioning debt or equity markets. Additionally, new debt financing activities will be subject to the satisfaction of any debt incurrence limitation covenants in our existing financing agreements. Our debt limitation covenants in our existing financing documents are usual and customary for credit agreements of our type and reflective of market conditions at the time of their execution. Additionally, our ability to satisfy working capital requirements, to service our debt obligations, to fund planned capital expenditures, or to pay dividends will depend upon future operating performance, which will be affected by prevailing economic conditions in the oil industry and other financial and business factors, including oil prices, some of which are beyond our control.

As of December 31, 2023, we believe we were in compliance with all of our debt maintenance covenants, where the most significant long-term obligation subject to such covenants was the Delek Term Loan Credit Facility (see further discussion in Note 10 of our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K). Additionally, we were in compliance with covenants during the quarter ended December 31, 2023. Failure to meet the incurrence covenants could impose certain incremental restrictions on our ability to incur new debt and also may limit whether and the extent to which we may pay dividends, as well as impose additional restrictions on our ability to repurchase our stock, make new investments and incur new liens (among others). Such restrictions would generally remain in place until such quarter that we return to compliance under the applicable incurrence based covenants. In the event that we are subject to these incremental restrictions, we believe that we have sufficient current and alternative sources of liquidity, including (but not limited to): available borrowings under our existing Delek Revolving Credit Facility, and for Delek Logistics, under its Delek Logistics Revolving Facility; the allowance to incur an additional $400.0 million of secured debt under the Delek Term Loan Credit Facility (see further discussion of these facilities in Note 10 of our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K); as well as the possibility of obtaining other secured and unsecured debt, raising capital through equity issuance, or taking advantage of transactional financing opportunities such as sale-leasebacks or joint ventures, as otherwise contemplated and allowed under our incurrence covenants.

Cash Flows

The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated cash flows (in millions):


Consolidated
	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Cash Flow Data:
Operating activities	$	1,013.6	$	425.3
Investing activities	(408.0)		(931.6)
Financing activities	(624.7)		491.1
Net decrease	$	(19.1)	$	(15.2)

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $1,013.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $425.3 million for the comparable period of 2022. Increases were a result of cash receipts from customers and cash payments to suppliers and for salaries resulting in a net $679.6 million increase in cash provided by operating activities and an increase in dividends received of $28.7 million, partially offset by an increase in cash paid for debt interest of $136.8 million.


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Management's Discussion and Analysis

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $408.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $931.6 million in the comparable period of 2022. The decrease in cash flows used in investing activities was primarily due to the $625.6 million Delaware Gathering Acquisition in 2022, $10.3 million of insurance proceeds in 2023 and a $5.0 million increase in distributions from equity method investments, partially offset by a $108.2 million increase in purchases of property, plant and equipment, substantially driven by maintenance projects associated with the Tyler turnaround, other refinery additions and various interconnects associated with Delek Logistics assets, and payments of $11.9 million for equity interests investments.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities was $624.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to cash provided of $491.1 million in the comparable 2022 period. The decrease in cash provided was primarily due to net payments on long-term revolvers and term debt of $467.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to net proceeds of $810.9 million in the comparable 2022 period, an increase in net payments from product and other financing arrangements of $13.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the comparable 2022 period, an increase in dividend payments of $17.5 million and proceeds received of $16.4 million in the comparable 2022 period for the sale of Delek Logistics common limited partner units.

These decreases in cash flows were partially offset by a decrease in share repurchases of $108.2 million and the receipt of settlement proceeds of $58.0 million during the first quarter of 2023 associated with the termination of the J. Aron Supply & Offtake Agreements and origination of the Citi Inventory Intermediation Agreement, compared to net payment of settlements of $48.1 million in the comparable 2022 period (as defined in Note 9 of the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K).

Cash Position and Indebtedness

As of December 31, 2023, our total cash and cash equivalents were $822.2 million and we had total long-term indebtedness of approximately $2,599.8 million. The total long-term indebtedness is net of deferred financing costs and debt discount of $57.5 million. Additionally, we had letters of credit issued of approximately $305.5 million. Total unused credit commitments or borrowing base availability, as applicable, under our revolving credit facilities was approximately $1,084.0 million. The decrease of $463.2 million in total long-term indebtedness as of December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022 resulted primarily from a decrease in net borrowings under the Delek Revolving Credit Facility and the United Community Bank Revolver, partially offset by an increase in net borrowings under the Delek Logistics Revolving Facility. As of December 31, 2023, our total long-term indebtedness (as defined in Note 10 of the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K) consisted of the following:

•the Delek Revolving Credit Facility with no outstanding borrowings (maturity of October 26, 2027);

•aggregate principal of $940.5 million under the Delek Term Loan Credit Facility (maturity of November 19, 2029 and effective interest of 10.19%);

•aggregate principal of $780.5 million under the Delek Logistics Revolving Facility (maturity of October 13, 2027 (which will accelerate to 180 days prior to the stated maturity date of the Delek Logistics 2025 Notes if any of the Delek Logistics 2025 Notes remain outstanding on that date) and average borrowing rate of 8.46%);

•aggregate principal of $281.3 million under the Delek Logistics Term Loan Facility (maturity of April 15, 2025 (which will accelerate to 180 days prior to the stated maturity date of the Delek Logistics 2025 Notes if any of the Delek Logistics 2025 Notes remain outstanding on that date) and average borrowing rate of 9.46%);

•aggregate principal of $250.0 million under the Delek Logistics 2025 Notes (due in 2025, with effective interest rate of 7.19%);

•aggregate principal of $400.0 million under the Delek Logistics 2028 Notes (due in 2028, with effective interest rate of 7.39%); and

•aggregate principal of $5.0 million under the United Community Bank Revolver (maturity of June 30, 2024 and average borrowing rate of 7.75%).

As of December 31, 2023, the Delek Logistics Revolving Facility and Delek Logistics Term Loan Credit Facility were classified as long-term in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K as we currently have the ability and intent to refinance the 2025 Notes on a long-term basis through available capacity under the Delek Logistics Revolving Facility and other or new funding sources.

See Note 10 to our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information about our separate debt and credit facilities.


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Management's Discussion and Analysis

Additionally, we utilize other financing arrangements to finance operating assets and/or, from time to time, to monetize other assets that may not be needed in the near term, when internal cost of capital and other criteria are met. Such arrangements include our inventory intermediation arrangement, which finances a significant portion of our first-in, first-out inventory at the refineries and, from time to time, RINs or other non-inventory product financing liabilities and funded letters of credit. Our inventory intermediation obligation with Citi was $407.6 million at December 31, 2023, $0.4 million of which was current. See Note 9 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information about our inventory intermediation agreement. Our product financing liabilities consisted primarily of RIN financings as of December 31, 2023, and totaled $224.2 million, all of which is due in the next 12 months. See further description of these types of arrangements in the Environmental Credits and Related Regulatory Obligations accounting policy disclosed in Note 2 to our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. For both arrangements and the related commitments, see also our "Cash Requirements" section below.

Debt Ratings

We receive debt ratings from the major ratings agencies in the U.S. In determining our debt ratings, the agencies consider a number of qualitative and quantitative items including, but not limited to, commodity pricing levels, our liquidity, asset quality, reserve mix, debt levels and seniorities, cost structure, planned asset sales and production growth opportunities.

There are no "rating triggers" in any of our contractual debt obligations that would accelerate scheduled maturities should our debt rating fall below a specified level. However, a downgrade could adversely impact our interest rate on new credit facility borrowings and the ability to economically access debt markets in the future. Additionally, any rating downgrades may increase the likelihood of us having to post additional letters of credit or cash collateral under certain contractual arrangements.

Capital Spending

A key component of our long-term strategy is our capital expenditure program. The following table summarizes our actual capital expenditures for the year ended December 31, 2023, by operating segment and major category (in millions):




	2024 Forecast		Year Ended December 31, 2023 Actual
Refining
Regulatory	$	42	$	28.7
Sustaining maintenance, including turnaround activities	163		217.1
Growth projects	15		1.1
Refining segment total	220		246.9
Logistics
Regulatory	5		2.9
Sustaining maintenance	15		4.7
Growth projects	50		73.7
Logistics segment total	70		81.3
Retail
Regulatory	—		—
Sustaining maintenance	5		25.3
Growth projects	10		4.5
Retail segment total	15		29.8
Corporate and Other
Regulatory	2		2.7
Sustaining maintenance	23		23.2
Growth projects	—		5.2
Other total	25		31.1
Total capital spending	$	330	$	389.1

We received insurance proceeds and customer reimbursements of approximately $17.0 million in 2023 that are not reflected in the full year actual amounts. Excluding these amounts, 2023 capital expenditures were $372.1 million.

The amount of our capital expenditure forecast is subject to change due to unanticipated increases in the cost, scope and completion time for our capital projects and subject to the changes and uncertainties discussed under the 'Forward-Looking Statements' section of Item 7. Management Discussion and Analysis, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. For further information, please refer to our discussion in Item 1A. Risk Factors, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.


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Management's Discussion and Analysis

Cash Requirements

Long-Term Cash Requirements Under Contractual Obligations

Information regarding our known cash requirements under contractual obligations of the types described below as of December 31, 2023, is set forth in the following table (in millions):


	Payments Due by Period
	<1 Year		1-3 Years		3-5 Years		>5 Years		Total
Long-term debt and notes payable obligations	$	44.5	$	520.3	$	1,199.5	$	893.0	$	2,657.3
Interest (1)	222.4		371.4		258.4		71.7		923.9
Operating lease commitments (2)	62.8		77.5		31.7		19.5		191.5
Purchase commitments (3)	319.4		—		—		—		319.4
Product financing agreements (4)	224.2		—		—		—		224.2
Transportation agreements (5)	194.9		380.2		235.5		314.0		1,124.6
Inventory intermediation obligation (6)	41.7		452.0		—		—		493.7
Total	$	1,109.9	$	1,801.4	$	1,725.1	$	1,298.2	$	5,934.6

(1) Expected interest payments on debt outstanding at December 31, 2023. Floating interest rate debt is calculated using December 31, 2023 rates. For additional information, see Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(2) Amounts reflect future estimated lease payments under operating leases having remaining non-cancelable terms in excess of one year as of December 31, 2023.

(3) We have purchase commitments to secure certain quantities of crude oil, finished product and other resources used in production at both fixed and market prices. We have estimated future payments under the market-based agreements using current market rates. Excludes purchase commitments in buy-sell transactions which have matching notional amounts with the same counterparty and are generally net settled in exchanges.

(4) Balances consist of obligations under RINs product financing arrangements, as described in Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and further discussed in the ''Environmental Credits and Related Regulatory Obligations" accounting policy included in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(5) Balances consist of contractual obligations under agreements with third parties (not including Delek Logistics) for the transportation of crude oil to our refineries.

(6) Balances consist of contractual obligations under the Citi Inventory Intermediation Agreement, including principal obligation for the Baseline Volume Step-Out Liability and other recurring fees. For additional information, see Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Other Cash Requirements

Our material short-term cash requirements under contractual obligations are presented above, and we expect to fund the majority of those requirements with cash flows from operations. Our other cash requirements consisted of operating activities and capital expenditures. Operating activities include cash outflows related to payments to suppliers for crude and other inventories (which are largely reflected in our contractual purchase commitments in the table above) and payments for salaries and other employee related costs. Cash outlays in the first quarter of 2024 are planned to include incentive compensation payments that were earned and accrued in 2023. In line with our long-term sustainable strategy, future cash requirements will include initiatives to build on our long-term sustainable business model, ESG initiatives and sum of the parts initiatives.

Refer to the cash flow section for our operating activities spend during the year ended December 31, 2023. While many of the expenses related to the operating activities are variable in nature, some of the expenditures can be somewhat fixed in the short-term due to forward planning on our level of activity.

Refer to the 'Capital Spending' section for our capital expenditures for the year ended December 31, 2023 and our anticipated cash requirements for planned capital expenditures for the full year 2024.


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Management's Discussion and Analysis

Critical Accounting Estimates

The fundamental objective of financial reporting is to provide useful information that allows a reader to comprehend our business activities. We prepare our consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP, and in the process of applying these principles, we must make judgments, assumptions and estimates based on the best available information at the time. To aid a reader's understanding, management has identified our critical accounting policies. These policies are considered critical because they are both most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results, and require our most difficult, subjective or complex judgments. Often, they require judgments and estimation about matters which are inherently uncertain and involve measuring at a specific point in time, events which are continuous in nature. Actual results may differ based on the accuracy of the information utilized and subsequent events, some over which we may have little or no control.

Goodwill

Goodwill in an acquisition represents the excess of the aggregate purchase price over the fair value of the identifiable net assets. Goodwill is reviewed at least annually for impairment, or more frequently if indicators of impairment exist, such as disruptions in our business, unexpected significant declines in operating results or a sustained market capitalization decline. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment by comparing the carrying amount of the reporting unit to its estimated fair value.

In assessing the recoverability of goodwill, assumptions are made with respect to future business conditions and estimated expected future cash flows to determine the fair value of a reporting unit. We may consider inputs such as WACC, forecasted crack spreads, gross margin, capital expenditures, and long-term growth rate based on historical information and our best estimate of future forecasts, all of which are subject to significant judgment and estimates. We may also consider a market approach in determining or corroborating the fair values of the reporting units using a multiple of expected future cash flows, such as those used by third-party analysts. The market approach involves significant judgment, including selection of an appropriate peer group, selection of valuation multiples, and determination of the appropriate weighting in our valuation model. If these estimates and assumptions change in the future, due to factors such as a decline in general economic conditions, sustained decrease in the crack spreads, competitive pressures on sales and margins and other economic and industry factors beyond management's control, an impairment charge may be required. The most significant risks to our valuation and the potential future impairment of goodwill are the WACC and the volatility of the crack spread, which is based on the crude oil and the refined product markets. The crack spread is often unpredictable and may negatively impact our results of operations in ways that cannot be anticipated and that are beyond management's control. Additionally, rising interest rates (which often occur under inflationary conditions) may also adversely impact our WACC. A higher WACC, all other things being equal, will result in a lower valuation using a discounted cash flow model, which is an income approach. Therefore, rising interest rates can cause a reporting unit to become impaired when, in a lower interest rate environment, it may not be.

We may also elect to perform a qualitative impairment assessment of goodwill balances. The qualitative assessment permits companies to assess whether it is more likely than not (i.e., a likelihood of greater than 50%) that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If a company concludes that, based on the qualitative assessment, it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the company is required to perform the quantitative impairment test. Alternatively, if a company concludes based on the qualitative assessment that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, it has completed its goodwill impairment test and does not need to perform the quantitative impairment test.

For the 2023 annual impairment assessment, we performed a qualitative assessment on the reporting units in our logistics segment except for the Delaware Gathering reporting unit, as we determined it was more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit exceeded the carrying value. Our annual impairment assessment was performed on a quantitative basis for our Delaware Gathering reporting unit during the fourth quarter of 2023. As part of our annual assessment, we recorded a $14.8 million impairment charge in the fourth quarter of 2023 related to our Delaware Gathering reporting unit within the logistics segment, which brought the amount of goodwill recorded within this reporting unit to zero. The impairment was primarily driven by the significant increases in interest rates and timing effect of system connections with our producer customers.

For the 2023 and 2022 annual impairment assessment, we performed a qualitative assessment on the reporting units in our refining and retail segments, as we determined it was more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting units exceeded the carrying value. Details of remaining goodwill balances by segment are included in Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Evaluation of Variable Interest Entities ("VIEs")

Our consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of our subsidiaries and VIEs, of which we are the primary beneficiary. We evaluate all legal entities in which we hold an ownership or other pecuniary interest to determine if the entity is a VIE. Variable interests can be contractual, ownership or other pecuniary interests in an entity that change with changes in the fair value of the VIE’s assets. If we are not the primary beneficiary, the general partner or another limited partner may consolidate the VIE, and we record the investment as an equity method investment. Significant judgment is exercised in determining that a legal entity is a VIE and in evaluating whether we are the primary beneficiary in a VIE. Generally, the primary beneficiary is the party that has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and the right to receive benefits or obligation to absorb losses that could be potentially significant to the VIE. We evaluate the entity’s need for continuing financial support; the equity holder’s lack of a controlling financial interest; and/or if an equity holder’s voting interests are disproportionate to its obligation to absorb expected losses or receive residual returns. We evaluate our interests in a VIE to


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Management's Discussion and Analysis

determine whether we are the primary beneficiary. We use a primarily qualitative analysis to determine if we are deemed to have a controlling financial interest in the VIE, either on a standalone basis or as part of a related party group. We continually monitor our interests in legal entities for changes in the design or activities of an entity and changes in our interests, including our status as the primary beneficiary to determine if the changes require us to revise our previous conclusions.

Business Combinations

We recognize and measure the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination based on their estimated fair values at the acquisition date in accordance with the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 805, Business Combinations ("ASC 805"). Any excess or surplus of the purchase consideration when compared to the fair value of the net tangible assets acquired, if any, is recorded as goodwill or gain from a bargain purchase. The fair value of assets and liabilities as of the acquisition date are often estimated using a combination of approaches, including the income approach, which requires us to project future cash flows and apply an appropriate discount rate; the cost approach, which requires estimates of replacement costs and depreciation and obsolescence estimates; and the market approach which uses market data and adjusts for entity-specific differences. We use all available information to make these fair value determinations and engage third-party consultants for valuation assistance. The estimates used in determining fair values are based on assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain. Accordingly, actual results may differ materially from the projected results used to determine fair value.

New Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of new accounting pronouncements applicable to us.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Changes in commodity prices (mainly crude oil and refined products) and interest rates are our primary sources of market risk. When we make the decision to manage our market exposure, our objective is generally to avoid losses from adverse price changes, realizing we will not obtain the gains of beneficial price changes.

Impact of Changing Prices

Our revenues and cash flows, as well as estimates of future cash flows, are sensitive to changes in energy prices. Major shifts in the cost of crude oil, the prices of refined products and the cost of ethanol can generate large changes in the operating margin in each of our segments.

We maintain, at both company-owned and third-party facilities, inventories of crude oil, feedstocks and refined petroleum products, the values of which are subject to wide fluctuations in market prices driven by world economic conditions, regional and global inventory levels and seasonal conditions. At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we held approximately 10.0 million and 15.0 million, respectively, barrels of crude and product inventories associated with the Tyler, El Dorado, Big Spring and Krotz Springs refineries valued under FIFO, with an average cost of $76.37 and $81.88, respectively, per barrel.

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we recognized net inventory valuation (losses) gains of $(0.4) million, $(1.9) million and $(8.5) million, respectively, which were recorded as a component of cost of materials and other in the consolidated statements of income.

From time to time, we also may enter into forward purchase or sale derivative contracts for trading purposes (primarily in our Canadian business) and, as a result, may have trading investment commodities on hand related to the purchased inventory. Such derivative contracts and related investment commodities are recorded at fair value and subject to pricing risk each period with changes in fair value reflected in other operating income, net in the profit and loss section of our consolidated financial statements. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, all of our forward purchase and sales contracts that were accounted for as derivative instruments consisted of contracts related to our Canadian trading activities.

Price Risk Management Activities

At times, we enter into the following instruments/transactions in order to manage our market-indexed pricing risk: commodity derivative contracts which we use to manage our price exposure to our inventory positions, future purchases of crude oil and ethanol, future sales of refined products or to fix margins on future production; and future commitments to purchase or sell RINs at fixed prices and quantities, which are used to manage the costs associated with our RINs obligations and meet the definition of derivative instruments under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging ("ASC 815"). In accordance with ASC 815, all of these commodity contracts and future purchase commitments are recorded at fair value, and any change in fair value between periods has historically been recorded in the profit and loss section of our consolidated financial statements. Occasionally, at inception, the Company will elect to designate the commodity derivative contracts as cash flow hedges under ASC 815. Gains or losses on commodity derivative contracts accounted for as cash flow hedges are recognized in other comprehensive income on the consolidated balance sheets and, ultimately, when the forecasted transactions are completed in net revenues or cost of materials and other in the consolidated statements of income.


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Management's Discussion and Analysis

The following table sets forth information relating to our open commodity derivative contracts, excluding our trading derivative contracts (which are presented separately below), as of December 31, 2023 ($ in millions):


	Total Outstanding			Notional Contract Volume by Year of Maturity
Contract Description	Fair Value		Notional Contract Volume	2024
Contracts not designated as hedging instruments:
Crude oil price swaps - long (1)	$	1.2	26,530,000	26,530,000
Crude oil price swaps - short (1)	(2.5)		26,479,000	26,479,000
Inventory, refined product and crack spread swaps - long (1)	(1.2)		784,000	784,000
Inventory, refined product and crack spread swaps - short (1)	1.2		1,306,000	1,306,000


RINs commitment contracts - long (2)	(3.1)		41,521,206	41,521,206
RINs commitment contracts - short (2)	—		115,255	115,255
Total	$	(4.4)

(1) Volume in barrels.

(2) Volume in RINs.

Interest Rate Risk

We have market exposure to changes in interest rates relating to our outstanding floating rate borrowings, which totaled approximately $2,007.3 million as of December 31, 2023. The annualized impact of a hypothetical one percent change in interest rates on our floating rate debt outstanding as of December 31, 2023 would be to change interest expense by approximately $20.1 million.

We also have interest rate exposure in connection with our Inventory Intermediation Agreement under which we pay a time value of money charge based on Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR").

Inflation

Inflationary factors, such as increases in the costs of our inputs, operating expenses, and interest rates may adversely affect our operating results. In addition, current or future governmental policies may increase or decrease the risk of inflation, which could further increase costs and may have an adverse effect on our ability to maintain current levels of gross margin and operating expenses as a percentage of sales if the prices at which we are able to sell our products and services do not increase in line with increases in costs.

Commodity Derivatives Trading Activities

We enter into active trading positions in a variety of commodity derivatives, which include forward physical contracts, swap contracts, and futures contracts. These trading activities are undertaken by using a range of contract types in combination to create incremental gains by capitalizing on crude oil supply and pricing seasonality. These contracts are classified as held for trading and are recognized at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in the income statement.

The following table sets forth information relating to trading commodity derivative contracts as of December 31, 2023 ($ in millions):


	Total Outstanding			Notional Contract Volume by Year of Maturity
Contract Description	Fair Value		Notional Contract Volume	2023
Crude forward contracts - long(1)	$	7.2	118,935	118,935
Crude forward contracts - short(1)	(7.2)		118,935	118,935
Total	$	—

(1) Volume in barrels.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

The information required by Item 8 is incorporated by reference to the section beginning on page F-1.

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.


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Controls and Procedures

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) under the Exchange Act that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that the information that we are required to disclose in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. It should be noted that, because of inherent limitations, our disclosure controls and procedures, however well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, and not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the disclosure controls and procedures are met.

As required by paragraph (b) of Rule 13a-15 under the Exchange Act, we carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process that is designed under the supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

•Pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets;

•Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP and that receipts and expenditures recorded by us are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and Board of Directors; and

•Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures may deteriorate.

Management has conducted its evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Management's assessment included an evaluation of the design of our internal control over financial reporting and testing the operational effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Management reviewed the results of the assessment with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors. Based on its assessment and review with the Audit Committee, management concluded that, at December 31, 2023, we maintained effective internal control over financial reporting.

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Our independent registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young LLP, has audited the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, as stated in their report, which is included in the section beginning on page F-1.

The information required by Item 8 is incorporated by reference to the section beginning on page F-1.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as described in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended December 31, 2023 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans

During the quarter ended December 31, 2023, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1 under the Exchange Act) adopted, modified or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 105b-1 trading arrangement" (as those terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K).

ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not applicable.


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Directors, Executive Officers, Corporate Governance and Security Ownership

PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Our Board of Directors Governance Guidelines, our charters for our Audit, Human Capital and Compensation, Technology, Nominating and Corporate Governance and Environmental, Health and Safety Committees and our Code of Business Conduct & Ethics covering all employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer and controllers, are available on our website, www.DelekUS.com, under the "About Us - Corporate Governance" caption. A print copy of any of these documents will be mailed upon a written request made by a stockholder to the Corporate Secretary, Delek US Holdings, Inc., 310 Seven Springs Way, Suite 500, Brentwood, Tennessee 37027. We intend to disclose any amendments to or waivers of the Code of Business Conduct & Ethics on behalf of our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and persons performing similar functions on our website, at www.DelekUS.com, under the "Investor Relations" caption, promptly following the date of any such amendment or waiver.

The information required by Item 401 of Regulation S-K regarding directors will be included under "Election of Directors" in the definitive Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders expected to be held May 2, 2024 (the "Definitive Proxy Statement"), and is incorporated herein by reference. The information required by Item 401 of Regulation S-K regarding executive officers will be included under "Corporate Governance" in the Definitive Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. The information required by Item 405 of Regulation S-K will be included under "Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance" in the Definitive Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. The information required by Items 406, 407(c)(3), (d)(4), and (d)(5) of Regulation S-K will be included under "Corporate Governance" in the Definitive Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

Board of Directors

•Ezra Uzi Yemin

•Avigal Soreq

•William J. Finnerty

•Richard Marcogliese

•Leonardo Moreno

•Christine Benson Schwartzstein

•Gary M. Sullivan, Jr.

•Vasiliki (Vicky) Sutil

•Laurie Z. Tolson

•Shlomo Zohar

Senior Management

•Avigal Soreq – President and Chief Executive Officer

•Joseph Israel – Executive Vice President, Operations

•Reuven Spiegel – Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

•Denise McWatters – Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary

•Patrick Reilly - Executive Vice President, Chief Commercial Officer

•Jared Serff – Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer

•Anthony L. Miller – Executive Vice President – Retail

•Sarit Soccary – Managing Partner – DK Innovation

•Mark Hobbs – Executive Vice President, Corporate Development

•Ido Biger – Executive Vice President, Chief Technology Officer and Chief Data Officer

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The information required by Item 402 and paragraphs (e)(4) and (e)(5) of Item 407 of Regulation S-K will be included under "Executive Compensation" and "Corporate Governance" in the Definitive Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The information required by Item 201(d) and Item 403 of Regulation S-K will be included under "Equity Compensation Plan Information" and "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management" in the Definitive Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information required by Item 404 of Regulation S-K will be included under "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions" in the Definitive Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

The information required by Item 407(a) of Regulation S-K will be included under "Election of Directors" and "Corporate Governance" in the Definitive Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.


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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The information required by this item will be included under “Independent Public Accountants” in the Definitive Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.


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Exhibits

PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

Certain Documents Filed as Part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:

1.Financial Statements. The accompanying Index to Financial Statements on page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is provided in response to this item.

2.List of Financial Statement Schedules. All schedules are omitted because the required information is either not present, not present in material amounts, included within the Consolidated Financial Statements or is not applicable.

3.Exhibits - See below.

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit No.

Description

2.1

Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of January 2, 2017, among Delek US Holdings, Inc., Delek Holdco, Inc., Dione Mergeco, Inc., Astro Mergeco, Inc. and Alon USA Energy, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed on January 3, 2017).

2.2

First Amendment to Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of February 27, 2017, among Delek US Holdings, Inc., Delek Holdco, Inc., Dion Mergeco, Inc., Astro Mergeco, Inc., and Alon USA Energy, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.6 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed on February 28, 2017).

2.3

Second Amendment to Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of April 21, 2017, among Delek US Holdings, Inc., Delek Holdco, Inc., Dion Mergeco, Inc., Astro Mergeco, Inc., and Alon USA Energy, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Annex B-2 to the Company’s Proxy Statement/Prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) on May 30, 2017).

2.4

Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of November 8, 2017, among Delek US Holdings, Inc., Sugarland Mergeco, LLC, Alon USA Partners, LP, and Alon USA Partners GP, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on November 9, 2017).

2.5

Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, dated as of April 8, 2022, by and between 3 Bear Energy – New Mexico LLC and DKL Delaware Gathering, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Partnership’s Form 8-K filed on April 11, 2022).

3.1

Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Delek US Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on May 9, 2022).

3.2

Fifth Amended and Restated Bylaws of Delek US Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2022).

4.1

Indenture, dated as of May 23, 2017, among Delek Logistics, LP, Delek Logistics Finance Corp., the Guarantors named therein and U.S. Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Partnership's Form 8-K filed on May 24, 2017, SEC File No. 001-35721).

4.2

Form of 6.750% Senior Notes due 2025 (included as Exhibit A in Exhibit 4.1 to the Partnership's Form 8-K filed on May 24, 2017, SEC File No. 001-35721).

4.3

Indenture, dated as of May 24, 2021, among Delek Logistics, Delek Logistics Finance Corp., the Guarantors named therein and U.S. Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Delek Logistics’ Form 8-K filed on May 26, 2021).

4.4

Form of 7.125% Senior Note due 2028 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Partnership’s Form 8-K filed on May 26, 2021).

4.5

Description of Common Stock.

10.1

Form of Indemnification Agreement for Directors and Officers ((incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2022).

10.2(a)

Delek US Holdings, Inc. 2006 Long-Term Incentive Plan (as amended through May 4, 2010) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q filed on May 7, 2010, SEC File No. 001-32868).

10.2(b)

Director Form of Delek US Holdings, Inc. 2006 Long-Term Incentive Plan Stock Appreciation Rights Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company's Form 10-Q filed on August 6, 2010, SEC File No. 001-32868).

10.2(c)

Employee Form of Delek US Holdings, Inc. 2006 Long-Term Incentive Plan Stock Appreciation Rights Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company's Form 10-Q filed on August 6, 2010, SEC File No. 001-32868).

10.3(a)

Delek US Holdings, Inc. 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on June 1, 2016).

10.3(b)

First Amendment to the Delek US Holdings, Inc. 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan, effective May 8, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on May 31, 2018).

10.3(c)

Second Amendment to the Delek US Holdings, Inc. 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan, effective May 5, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Form 10-Q filed on May 8, 2020).


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10.3(d)

Third Amendment to the Delek US Holdings, Inc. 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Company’s Form S-8 filed on June 10, 2021)

10.3(e)

Fourth Amendment to the Delek US Holdings, Inc. 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 5, 2022).

10.3(f)

Fifth Amendment to the Delek US Holdings, Inc. 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 9, 2023).

10.3(g)

General Terms and Conditions for Restricted Stock Unit Awards to Executive Officers and Directors under the 2016 Delek US Holdings, Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company's Form 10-Q filed on August 5, 2016).

10.3(h)

General Terms and Conditions for Stock Appreciation Right Awards to Executive Officers and Directors under the 2016 Delek US Holdings, Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company's Form 10-Q filed on August 5, 2016).

10.3(i)

Form of Delek US Holdings, Inc. 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan Performance Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29(c) to the Company’s Form 10-K filed February 28, 2017).

10.3(j)

Form of Delek US Holdings, Inc. 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29(d) to the Company’s Form 10-K filed February 28, 2017).

10.3(k)

Form of Delek US Holdings, Inc. 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Cash Settled) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on May 5, 2022).

10.3(l)

Form of Delek US Holdings, Inc. 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Cash Settled) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on May 5, 2022).

10.4(a)

Alon USA Energy, Inc. Second Amended and Restated 2005 Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Alon USA Energy, Inc.’s Form 10-Q filed on May 9, 2012, SEC File No. 001-32567).

10.4(b)

Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement relating to Director Grants pursuant to Section 12 of the Alon USA Energy, Inc. 2005 Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Alon USA Energy, Inc.’s Form 8-K filed on August 5, 2005, SEC File No. 001-32567).

10.4(c)

Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement relating to Participant Grants pursuant to Section 8 of the Alon USA Energy, Inc. 2005 Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Alon USA Energy, Inc.’s Form 8-K filed on August 23, 2005, SEC File No. 001-32567).

10.4(d)

Form II of Restricted Stock Award Agreement relating to Participant Grants pursuant to Section 8 of the Alon USA Energy, Inc. 2005 Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Alon USA Energy, Inc.’s Form 8-K filed on November 8, 2005, SEC File No. 001-32567).

10.4(e)

Alon USA Energy, Inc. Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Alon USA Energy, Inc.’s Form 8-K filed on January 12, 2017, SEC File No. 001-32567).

10.4(f)

Form of Appreciation Rights Award Agreement relating to Participant Grants pursuant Section 7 of the Alon USA Energy, Inc. 2005 Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Alon USA Energy, Inc.’s Form 8-K filed on March 12, 2007, SEC File No. 001-32567).

10.4(g)

Form of Amendment to Appreciation Rights Award Agreement relating to Participant Grants pursuant to Section 7 of the Alon USA Energy, Inc. 2005 Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Alon USA Energy, Inc.’s Form 8-K filed on January 27, 2010, SEC File No. 001-32567).

10.4(h)

Form of Award Agreement relating to Executive Officer Restricted Stock Grants pursuant to the Alon USA Energy, Inc. 2005 Amended and Restated Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Alon USA Energy, Inc.’s Form 8-K filed on May 9, 2011, SEC File No. 001-32567).

10.5

First Amendment to Amended and Restated Executive Employment Agreement by and between the Company and Ezra Uzi Yemin, dated for reference as of March 27, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on May 5, 2022).

10.6(a)

Executive Chairman Employment Agreement by and between the Company and Ezra Uzi Yemin, dated for reference as of March 27, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on May 5, 2022).

10.6b)

First Amendment to Executive Chairman Employment Agreement, by and between Delek US Holdings, Inc. and Ezra Uzi Yemin, dated as of March 1, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on May 9, 2023).

10.7

Executive Employment Agreement by and between the Company and Avigal Soreq, dated for reference as of March 28, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on May 5, 2022).

10.8

Change in Control Severance Agreement, dated for reference as of June 13, 2022, by and between the Company and Avigal Soreq (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Company's Form 10-K filed on March 1, 2023).

10.9(a)

Executive Employment Agreement, dated August 1, 2020, by and between Delek US Holdings, Inc. and Reuven Spiegel (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 7, 2020).

10.9(b)

First Amendment to Executive Employment Agreement, by and between Delek US Holdings, Inc. and Reuven Spiegel, dated as of March 1, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on May 9, 2023).


100 \|

10.10

Executive Employment Agreement, effective February 3, 2021, by and between Delek US Holdings, Inc. and Denise McWatters (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2022).

10.11

Executive Employment Agreement, by and between Delek US Holdings, Inc. and Joseph Israel, dated as of March 27, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on May 9, 2023).

10.12

Consulting Agreement, dated as of November 3, 2020, by and between Delek US Holdings, Inc. and Frederec Green (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 to the Company’s Form 10-K filed on March 1, 2021).

10.13

Promissory Note, dated as of November 6, 2023, by and among Delek US Holdings, Inc. and Delek Logistics Partners, LP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2023)

10.14

Form of Change in Control Severance Agreement for Officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on May 5, 2022).

10.15

Tyler Throughput and Tankage Agreement, dated July 26, 2013, between Delek Refining, Ltd. and Delek Marketing & Supply, LP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed on August 1, 2013).

10.16

Pipelines and Tankage Agreement, dated November 7, 2012, by and between Delek Refining, Ltd. and Delek Crude Logistics, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company's Form 8-K filed on November 14, 2012, SEC File No. 001-32868).

10.17

Pipelines and Storage Facilities Agreement, dated November 7, 2012, by and among Lion Oil Company, Delek Logistics Partners, LP, SALA Gathering Systems, LLC, El Dorado Pipeline Company, LLC, Magnolia Pipeline Company, LLC and J. Aron & Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company's Form 8-K filed on November 14, 2012, SEC File No. 001-32868).

10.18(a)

El Dorado Throughput and Tankage Agreement, executed as of February 10, 2014, between Lion Oil Company and Delek Logistics Operating LLC, and, for limited purposes, J. Aron & Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed on February 14, 2014).

10.18(b)

Amendment to El Dorado Throughput and Tankage Agreement, executed as of July 22, 2016 but effective as of February 11, 2014, between Lion Oil Company and Delek Logistics Operating LLC, and, for limited purposes, J. Aron & Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company's Form 10-Q filed on August 5, 2016).

10.19(a)

Third Amended and Restated Omnibus Agreement, dated as of March 31, 2015, among Delek US Holdings, Inc., Lion Oil Company, Delek Logistics Operating, LLC, Delek Marketing & Supply, LP, Delek Refining, Ltd., Delek Logistics Partners, LP, Paline Pipeline Company, LLC, SALA Gathering Systems, LLC, Magnolia Pipeline Company, LLC, El Dorado Pipeline Company, LLC, Delek Crude Logistics, LLC, Delek Marketing-Big Sandy, LLC, DKL Transportation, LLC and Delek Logistics GP, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 10-Q filed on May 7, 2015).

10.19(b)

First Amendment to Third Amended and Restated Omnibus Agreement, dated as of August 3, 2015, by and among Delek US Holdings, Inc., Lion Oil Company, Delek Logistics Operating, LLC, Delek Marketing & Supply, LP, Delek Refining, Ltd., Delek Logistics Partners, LP, Paline Pipeline Company, LLC, SALA Gathering Systems, LLC, Magnolia Pipeline Company, LLC, El Dorado Pipeline Company, LLC, Delek Crude Logistics, LLC, Delek Marketing-Big Sandy, LLC, DKL Transportation, LLC and Delek Logistics GP, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company's Form 10-Q filed on August 5, 2015).

10.19(c)

Third Amendment and Restatement of Schedules to Third Amended and Restated Omnibus Agreement, dated and effective as of May 15, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on May 18, 2020).

10.20

Pipelines, Storage and Throughput Facilities Agreement (Big Spring Refinery Logistics Assets and Duncan Terminal), dated March 20, 2018 and effective as of March 1, 2018, by and among Alon USA, LP, DKL Big Spring, LLC, for the limited purposes specified therein, Delek US, and for the limited purposes specified therein, J. Aron & Company LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed on March 26, 2018).

10.21

Marketing Agreement, dated as of March 20, 2018 and effective as of March 1, 2018, by and among Alon USA, LP, DKL Big Spring, LLC, and for the limited purposes specified therein, Delek US (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Form 8-K filed on March 26, 2018).

10.22

Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Agreement, dated as of November 18, 2022, by and among Delek US Holdings, Inc., as borrower, the lenders from time to time party thereto, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent for each member of the Lender Group and the Bank Product Providers, the Subsidiaries of Delek US Holdings, Inc. from time to time party thereto, as guarantors, Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, MUFG Bank, Ltd., and BofA Securities Inc., each as a joint lead arranger and joint book runner, Mizuho Bank, Ltd., PNC Capital Markets LLC, Citizens Bank, N.A., Barclays Bank PLC and Truist Securities, Inc., each as senior co-managers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K on November 18, 2022).

10.23(a)

Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of October 26, 2022, by and among Delek US Holdings, Inc., as borrower, the lenders from time to time party thereto, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent for each member of the Lender Group and the Bank Product Providers, the Subsidiaries of Delek US Holdings, Inc. from time to time party thereto, as guarantors, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, Truist Securities, Inc., PNC Bank, National Association, Bank of America, N.A., MUFG Bank Ltd., Regions Capital Markets, a division of Regions Bank, and Barclays Bank PLC, each as a joint lead arranger and joint book runner, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, Truist Bank, PNC Bank, National Association, Bank of America, N.A., MUFG Bank Ltd., Regions Capital Markets, a division of Regions Bank, and Barclays Bank PLC, each as a co-syndication agent, and Citizens Bank, N.A. as a documentation agent (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on October 27, 2022).


101 \|

10.23(b)

Amendment No. 1 to Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of December 22, 2022, by and among Delek US Holdings, Inc., as borrower, the subsidiaries of Delek US Holdings, Inc. party thereto, as guarantors, the lenders party thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on December 29, 2022).

10.24

Third Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Wink to Webster Pipeline LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, dated as of July 30, 2019, by and among Delek US Energy, Inc., ExxonMobil Permian Logistics LLC, Plains Pipeline, L.P., MPLX W2W Pipeline Holdings, LLC, Centurion Permian Logistics, LLC, and Rattler Midstream Operating LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed on August 5, 2019).

10.25

Throughput and Deficiency Agreement, dated and effective as of March 31, 2020, by and between Lion Oil Trading & Transportation, LLC and DKL Permian Gathering, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 6, 2020).

10.26

Transportation Services Agreement, dated May 15, 2020 and effective as of May 1, 2020, between Delek Refining, Ltd., Lion Oil Company and DKL Transportation, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on May 18, 2020).

10.27(a)

Inventory Intermediation Agreement, dated as of December 22, 2022, by and between Citigroup Energy, Inc. and DK Trading & Supply, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on December 29, 2022).

10.27(b)

Letter Agreement, dated as of April 6, 2023, by and between Citigroup Energy, Inc. and DK Trading & Supply, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 9, 2023).

10.27(c)

Letter Agreement, dated as of June 21, 2023, by and between Citigroup Energy, Inc. and DK Trading & Supply, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 9, 2023).

10.27(d)

Letter Agreement, dated as of September 18, 2023, by and between Citigroup Energy, Inc. and DK Trading & Supply, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2023).

10.27(e)

Amendment to Inventory Intermediation Agreement, dated as of December 21, 2023, by and between Citigroup Energy, Inc. and DK Trading & Supply, LLC.

10.28

Pledge and Security Agreement, dated as of December 22, 2022, by and between Citigroup Energy, Inc. and DK Trading & Supply, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on December 29, 2022).

10.29

Stock Purchase and Cooperation Agreement, dated as of March 7, 2022, by and among Delek US Holdings, Inc., IEP Energy Holding LLC American Entertainment Properties Corp., Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P. Icahn Enterprises G.P. Inc. Beckton Corp. and Carl C. Icahn (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on March 7, 2022).

10.30

Assignment and Assumption Agreement and Guaranty, dated as of March 22, 2022, by and among Lion Oil Trading & Transportation, LLC, DK Trading & Supply, LLC, Delek Logistics Operating, LLC, Lion Oil Company, LLC, and Delek US Energy, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2022).

10.31

Partial Assignment and Assumption Agreement, dated as of March 23, 2022, by and among Lion Oil Company, LLC, DK Trading & Supply, LLC, and the Partnership (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2022).

10.32

Omnibus Assignment and Assumption Agreement, dated as of September 12, 2022, by and among Alon USA, LP, DK Trading & Supply, LLC, and the parties set forth on Schedule 1 thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2022).

10.33

Omnibus Assignment and Assumption Agreement, dated as of September 12, 2022, by and among Lion Oil Company, LLC, DK Trading & Supply, LLC, and the parties set forth on Schedule 1 thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2022).

10.34

Omnibus Assignment and Assumption Agreement, dated as of September 13, 2022, by and among Delek Refining Ltd., DK Trading & Supply, LLC, and the parties set forth on Schedule 1 thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2022).

10.35

Omnibus Assignment and Assumption Agreement, dated as of September 13, 2022, by and among Lion Oil Trading & Transportation, LLC, DK Trading & Supply, LLC, and the parties set forth on Schedule 1 thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of the Company’s Form 10 Q filed on November 8, 2022).

21.1

Subsidiaries of the Registrant

23.1

Consent of EY

31.1

Certification of the Company's Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act.

31.2

Certification of the Company's Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act.

32.1

Certification of the Company's Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.2

Certification of the Company's Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

Delek US Holdings, Inc. Clawback Policy.


102 \|


101		The following materials from Delek US Holdings, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the annual period ended December 31, 2023, formatted in iXBRL (Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
104	#	Cover Page Interactive Data File formatted in iXBRL (Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language) and contained in Exhibit 101.

* Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

# Filed herewith.

## Furnished herewith.

< Certain schedules have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. The Company agrees to supplementally furnish a copy of any of the omitted schedules to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.


103 \|

Delek US Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Financial Statements

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and

For Each of the Three Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 00042)			F-2
Audited Financial Statements:
Consolidated Balance Sheets			F-5
Consolidated Statements of Income			F-6
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)			F-7
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity			F-8
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows			F-11
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements			F-12


F-1 \|

Financial Statements and Schedules

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of

Delek US Holdings, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Delek US Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income (loss), changes in stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 28, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.


F-2 \|

Financial Statements and Schedules


						Qualitative Goodwill Impairment Assessment
Description of the Matter						The Company’s consolidated goodwill balance was $729.4 million as of December 31, 2023. As disclosed in Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements $675.3 million relates to the reporting units within the Refining segment. The Company assesses goodwill for impairment testing annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of a reporting unit might be impaired. In evaluating whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the Company performed a qualitative assessment of relevant events and circumstances that could impact the fair value of the reporting units within the Refining segment. If, based on the qualitative assessment, it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the Company estimates the fair value of the reporting unit by performing a quantitative goodwill impairment assessment. As a result of the analysis performed during its annual assessment, the Company determined that the fair value of the reporting units in the Refining Segment are not more likely than not less than their carrying values, and no quantitative assessment was necessary. Qualitative factors assessed included financial performance as compared to forecasts, macroeconomic conditions, and market discount rates, which required a higher degree of auditor judgment to evaluate, among other factors. We identified the evaluation of the above qualitative factors as a critical audit matter as the assessment of the potential impact that these qualitative factors have on certain reporting units' fair value required the application of subjective auditor judgment.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit						We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls that address the risks of material misstatement related to the Company's evaluation of the qualitative factors used as part of management’s review of the qualitative assessment, including controls over the qualitative factors identified above. To test the qualitative assessment performed by management, our audit procedures included, among others, an assessment of the factors described above with consideration of the Company’s last quantitative assessment performed. We performed a comparison of the actual results to the projected results for the respective period. We also evaluated information from macroeconomic and market considerations and, whether there were other significant adverse considerations that would impact the reporting units.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002.

Nashville, Tennessee

February 28, 2024


F-3 \|

Financial Statements and Schedules

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of

Delek US Holdings, Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited Delek US Holdings, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Delek US Holdings, Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of Delek US Holdings, Inc. as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income (loss), changes in stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes, and our report dated February 28, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Nashville, Tennessee

February 28, 2024


F-4 \|

Financial Statements and Schedules

Delek US Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In millions, except share and per share data)


	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	822.2	$	841.3
Accounts receivable, net	783.7		1,234.4


Inventories, net of inventory valuation reserves	981.9		1,518.5

Other current assets	78.2		122.7
Total current assets	2,666.0		3,716.9
Property, plant and equipment:
Property, plant and equipment	4,690.7		4,349.0
Less: accumulated depreciation	(1,845.5)		(1,572.6)
Property, plant and equipment, net	2,845.2		2,776.4
Operating lease right-of-use assets	148.2		179.5
Goodwill	729.4		744.3
Other intangibles, net	296.2		315.6
Equity method investments	360.7		359.7
Other non-current assets	126.1		100.4
Total assets	$	7,171.8	$	8,192.8
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	1,814.3	$	1,745.6


Current portion of long-term debt	44.5		74.5
Current portion of obligation under Inventory Intermediation Agreement	0.4		49.9
Current portion of operating lease liabilities	54.7		49.6
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	771.2		1,166.8
Total current liabilities	2,685.1		3,086.4
Non-current liabilities:
Long-term debt, net of current portion	2,555.3		2,979.2
Obligation under Inventory Intermediation Agreement	407.2		491.8
Environmental liabilities, net of current portion	110.9		111.5
Asset retirement obligations	43.3		41.8
Deferred tax liabilities	264.1		266.5
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	111.2		122.4
Other non-current liabilities	35.0		23.7
Total non-current liabilities	3,527.0		4,036.9
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 10,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding	—		—
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 110,000,000 shares authorized, 81,539,871 shares and 84,509,517 shares issued at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	0.8		0.9
Additional paid-in capital	1,113.6		1,134.1
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(4.8)		(5.2)
Treasury stock, 17,575,527 shares, at cost, at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	(694.1)		(694.1)
Retained earnings	430.0		507.9
Non-controlling interests in subsidiaries	114.2		125.9
Total stockholders’ equity	959.7		1,069.5
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	7,171.8	$	8,192.8

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements


F-5 \|

Financial Statements

Delek US Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Income

(In millions, except share and per share data)


	Year Ended December 31,

		2023		2022		2021
Net revenues		$	16,917.4	$	20,245.8	$	10,648.2
Cost of sales:
Cost of materials and other		15,112.0		18,355.6		9,643.9
Operating expenses (excluding depreciation and amortization presented below)		770.6		718.1		514.2
Depreciation and amortization		322.8		263.8		239.6
Total cost of sales		16,205.4		19,337.5		10,397.7
Insurance proceeds		(20.3)		(31.2)		(23.3)

Operating expenses related to retail and wholesale business (excluding depreciation and amortization presented below)		106.5		106.8		110.4
General and administrative expenses		286.4		332.5		200.4
Depreciation and amortization		28.8		23.2		25.0
Asset impairment		37.9		—		—
Other operating income, net		(7.2)		(12.5)		(27.3)
Total operating costs and expenses		16,637.5		19,756.3		10,682.9
Operating income (loss)		279.9		489.5		(34.7)
Interest expense, net		318.2		195.3		136.7
Income from equity method investments		(86.2)		(57.7)		(18.3)






Other income, net		(3.9)		(2.5)		(15.8)
Total non-operating expense, net		228.1		135.1		102.6
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)		51.8		354.4		(137.3)
Income tax expense (benefit)		5.1		63.9		(42.0)





Net income (loss)		46.7		290.5		(95.3)
Net income attributed to non-controlling interests		26.9		33.4		33.0
Net income (loss) attributable to Delek		$	19.8	$	257.1	$	(128.3)



Basic income (loss) per share		$	0.30	$	3.63	$	(1.73)



Diluted income (loss) per share		$	0.30	$	3.59	$	(1.73)
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic		65,406,089		70,789,458		73,984,104
Diluted		65,975,301		71,516,361		73,984,104

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements


F-6 \|

Financial Statements

Delek US Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(In millions)


	Year Ended December 31,

		2023		2022		2021
Net income (loss)		$	46.7	$	290.5	$	(95.3)
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Commodity contracts designated as cash flow hedges:




Comprehensive loss on commodity contracts designated as cash flow hedges, net of taxes		—		—		(0.2)








Postretirement benefit plans:
Unrealized gain (loss) arising during the year related to:
Net actuarial gain (loss)		0.7		(1.9)		4.7

Reclassified to other (income) expense, net:

Amortization of net actuarial gain		(0.2)		—		—

Net change related to postretirement benefit plans		0.5		(1.9)		4.7
Income tax expense (benefit)		0.1		(0.5)		1.1
Net comprehensive gain (loss) on postretirement benefit plans		0.4		(1.4)		3.6

Total other comprehensive income (loss)		0.4		(1.4)		3.4
Comprehensive income (loss)		$	47.1	$	289.1	$	(91.9)
Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interest		26.9		33.4		33.0
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Delek		$	20.2	$	255.7	$	(124.9)

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements


F-7 \|

Financial Statements

Delek US Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity

(In millions, except share and per share data)


	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Retained Earnings		Treasury Shares			Non-Controlling Interest in Subsidiaries		Total Stockholders' Equity
	Shares	Amount								Shares	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2020:	91,356,868	$	0.9	$	1,185.1	$	(7.2)	$	513.3	(17,575,527)	$	(694.1)	$	118.4	$	1,116.4


Net (loss) income	—	—		—		—		(128.3)		—	—		33.0		(95.3)
Other comprehensive loss related to commodity contracts, net	—	—		—		(0.2)		—		—	—		—		(0.2)
Other comprehensive gain related to postretirement benefit plans, net	—	—		—		3.6		—		—	—		—		3.6


Equity-based compensation expense	—	—		24.4		—		—		—	—		0.2		24.6
Distribution to non-controlling interest	—	—		—		—		—		—	—		(32.4)		(32.4)

Sale of Delek Logistics common limited partner units, net	—	—		1.1		—		—		—	—		0.6		1.7

Taxes paid due to the net settlement of equity-based compensation	—	—		(4.2)		—		—		—	—		—		(4.2)
Exercise of equity-based awards	415,212	—		—		—		—		—	—		—		—
Other	—	—		0.1		—		(0.3)		—	—		—		(0.2)
Balance at December 31, 2021	91,772,080	$	0.9	$	1,206.5	$	(3.8)	$	384.7	(17,575,527)	$	(694.1)	$	119.8	$	1,014.0


F-8 \|

Financial Statements

Delek US Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity (Continued)

(In millions, except share and per share data)


	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss)		Retained Earnings		Treasury Stock			Non-Controlling Interest in Subsidiaries		Total Stockholders' Equity
	Shares	Amount								Shares	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2021	91,772,080	$	0.9	$	1,206.5	$	(3.8)	$	384.7	(17,575,527)	$	(694.1)	$	119.8	$	1,014.0
Net income	—	—		—		—		257.1		—	—		33.4		290.5

Other comprehensive loss related to postretirement benefit plans, net	—	—		—		(1.4)		—		—	—		—		(1.4)

Common stock dividends ($0.610 per share)	—	—		—		—		(42.8)		—	—		—		(42.8)
Equity-based compensation expense	—	—		28.6		—		—		—	—		0.5		29.1
Distributions to non-controlling interests	—	—		—		—		—		—	—		(36.0)		(36.0)
Sale of Delek Logistics common limited partner units, net	—	—		8.5		—		—		—	—		5.1		13.6
Repurchase of common stock	(4,261,185)	—		(56.9)		—		(72.7)		—	—		—		(129.6)
Purchase of Delek common stock from IEP Energy Holding LLC	(3,497,268)	—		(46.0)		—		(18.0)		—	—		—		(64.0)
Issuance of Delek Logistic common limited partner units, net	—	—		—		—		—		—	—		3.1		3.1
Taxes paid due to the net settlement of equity-based compensation	—	—		(6.5)		—		—		—	—		—		(6.5)
Exercise of equity-based awards	457,405	—		—		—		—		—	—		—		—
Other	38,485	—		(0.1)		—		(0.4)		—	—		—		(0.5)
Balance at December 31, 2022	84,509,517	$	0.9	$	1,134.1	$	(5.2)	$	507.9	(17,575,527)	$	(694.1)	$	125.9	$	1,069.5


F-9 \|

Financial Statements

Delek US Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity (Continued)

(In millions, except share and per share data)


	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Retained Earnings		Treasury Shares			Non-Controlling Interest in Subsidiaries		Total Stockholders' Equity
	Shares	Amount								Shares	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2022	84,509,517	$	0.9	$	1,134.1	$	(5.2)	$	507.9	(17,575,527)	$	(694.1)	$	125.9	$	1,069.5
Net income	—	—		—		—		19.8		—	—		26.9		46.7

Other comprehensive gain related to postretirement benefit plans, net	—	—		—		0.4		—		—	—		—		0.4
Common stock dividends ($0.925 per share)	—	—		—		—		(60.3)		—	—		—		(60.3)
Distributions to non-controlling interests	—	—		—		—		—		—	—		(38.6)		(38.6)
Equity-based compensation expense	—	—		26.8		—		—		—	—		0.7		27.5

Repurchase of common stock	(3,562,767)	(0.1)		(48.1)		—		(37.2)		—	—		—		(85.4)

Taxes paid due to the net settlement of equity-based compensation	—	—		(4.5)		—		—		—	—		(0.7)		(5.2)
Exercise of equity-based awards	450,123	—		—		—		—		—	—		—		—

Other	142,998	—		5.3		—		(0.2)		—	—		—		5.1
Balance at December 31, 2023	81,539,871	$	0.8	$	1,113.6	$	(4.8)	$	430.0	(17,575,527)	$	(694.1)	$	114.2	$	959.7

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements


F-10 \|

Financial Statements

Delek US Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In millions)


	Year Ended December 31,

	2023		2022		2021
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	46.7	$	290.5	$	(95.3)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	351.6		287.0		264.6

Non-cash lease expense	61.9		62.6		60.6
Deferred income taxes	(1.6)		61.6		(38.9)
Asset impairment	37.9		—		—
Income from equity method investments	(86.2)		(57.7)		(18.3)
Dividends from equity method investments	61.0		32.3		29.2
Non-cash lower of cost or market/net realizable value adjustment	0.4		1.9		8.3






Equity-based compensation expense	27.5		29.1		24.6
Other	4.8		14.9		(11.2)
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	460.0		(428.9)		(253.3)
Inventories and other current assets	557.9		(254.4)		(468.6)
Fair value of derivatives	4.0		(4.6)		39.6
Accounts payable and other current liabilities	(303.3)		298.7		702.5
Obligation under Inventory Intermediation Agreements	(192.1)		102.3		139.8
Non-current assets and liabilities, net	(16.9)		(10.0)		(12.2)


Net cash provided by operating activities	1,013.6		425.3		371.4
Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisition of 3 Bear	—		(625.6)		—
Equity method investment contributions	—		(0.1)		(1.7)
Distributions from equity method investments	14.9		9.9		10.3
Purchases of property, plant and equipment	(419.6)		(311.4)		(222.2)
Purchase of equity securities	(11.9)		—		—
Purchases of intangible assets	(4.3)		(5.6)		(1.0)
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment	2.6		1.2		11.9
Insurance proceeds	10.3		—		7.0

Contract termination recoveries of capital expenditures	—		—		17.3


Net cash used in investing activities	(408.0)		(931.6)		(178.4)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from long-term revolvers	3,545.8		3,385.3		1,339.3
Payments on long-term revolvers	(3,980.8)		(2,472.8)		(1,827.9)
Proceeds from term debt	—		1,250.0		400.0
Payments on term debt	(28.2)		(1,289.1)		(43.4)

Proceeds from product and other financing agreements	1,187.3		994.6		916.1
Repayments of product and other financing agreements	(1,212.7)		(1,006.9)		(877.6)
Proceeds from Inventory Intermediation Agreement	32.2		538.8		—
Proceeds from termination of Supply & Offtake Obligation	25.8		(586.9)		—
Taxes paid due to the net settlement of equity-based compensation	(5.2)		(6.5)		(4.2)

Repurchase of common stock	(85.4)		(129.6)		—

Distribution to non-controlling interest	(38.6)		(36.0)		(32.4)
Proceeds from sale of Delek Logistics common limited partner units	—		16.4		2.1
Proceeds from issuance of Delek Logistic common limited partner units, net	—		3.1		—
Purchase of Delek common stock from IEP Energy Holding LLC	—		(64.0)		—
Dividends paid	(60.3)		(42.8)		—
Financing commitment cancellation proceeds	—		—		10.2
Deferred financing costs paid	(4.6)		(62.5)		(6.2)


Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(624.7)		491.1		(124.0)
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents	(19.1)		(15.2)		69.0
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period	841.3		856.5		787.5


Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period	$	822.2	$	841.3	$	856.5

Delek US Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Continued)

(In millions)


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021







































































Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid during the period for:
Interest, net of capitalized interest of $5.5 million, $2.1 million and $0.9 million in the 2023, 2022 and 2021 periods, respectively	$	323.5	186.7		125.3
Income taxes	$	10.8	$	27.6	$	4.2
Non-cash investing activities:


(Decrease) increase in accrued capital expenditures	$	(30.3)	$	31.8	$	4.9
Non-cash financing activities:

Non-cash lease liability arising from obtaining right-of-use assets during the period	$	57.1	$	28.6	$	102.8

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements


F-11 \|

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Delek US Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

1. General

Delek US Holdings, Inc. operates through its consolidated subsidiaries, which include Delek US Energy, Inc. ("Delek Energy") (and its subsidiaries) and Alon USA Energy, Inc. ("Alon") (and its subsidiaries).

Unless otherwise noted or the context requires otherwise, the terms "we," "our," "us," "Delek" and the "Company" are used in this report to refer to Delek and its consolidated subsidiaries for all periods presented. Delek's Common Stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") under the symbol "DK."

2. Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Delek and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions and account balances have been eliminated in consolidation. We have evaluated subsequent events through the filing of this Form 10-K. Any material subsequent events that occurred during this time have been properly recognized or disclosed in our financial statements.

Our consolidated financial statements include Delek Logistics Partners, LP ("Delek Logistics", NYSE:DKL), which is a variable interest entity ("VIE"). As the indirect owner of the general partner of Delek Logistics, we have the ability to direct the activities of this entity that most significantly impact its economic performance. We are also considered to be the primary beneficiary for accounting purposes for this entity and are Delek Logistics' primary customer. If Delek Logistics incurs a loss, our operating results will reflect such loss, net of intercompany eliminations, to the extent of our ownership interest in this entity.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with United States ("U.S.") Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("GAAP") and in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.

Reclassifications

Certain immaterial reclassifications have been made to prior period presentation in order to conform to the current year presentation.

Segment Reporting

Delek is an integrated downstream energy business based in Brentwood, Tennessee, and has three primary lines of business: petroleum refining and crude oil operations; the transportation, storage and wholesale distribution of crude oil, natural gas, intermediate and refined products and water disposal and recycling; and convenience store retailing. For the periods presented, we have aggregated our operating segments into three reportable segments: Refining, Logistics and Retail.

Operations that are not specifically included in the reportable segments are included in Corporate, Other and Eliminations, which primarily consists of the following:

•our corporate activities;

•results of certain immaterial operating segments, including our Canadian crude trading operations (as discussed in Note 11); and

•intercompany eliminations.

Segment reporting is more fully discussed in Note 4.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Delek maintains cash and cash equivalents in accounts with large, U.S. or multi-national financial institutions. All highly liquid investments purchased with a term of three months or less are considered to be cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, these cash equivalents consisted primarily of bank money market accounts and bank certificates of deposit, as well as overnight investments in U.S. Government or its agencies' obligations and bank repurchase obligations collateralized by U.S. Government or its agencies' obligations.


F-12 \|

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable primarily consists of trade receivables generated in the ordinary course of business, but may also include receivables on commodity sales contracts that are part of crude optimization and are, therefore, related to transactions that are reflected as reductions of cost of materials and other, rather than revenue. Such other receivables are with the same or similar customers as our trade receivables, and are subject to the same characteristics regarding the nature, timing, pricing and risk. Delek recorded an allowance for doubtful accounts related to accounts receivable of $5.8 million and $6.8 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Credit is extended based on evaluation of the customer’s financial condition. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers and require letters of credit, prepayments or other collateral or guarantees as management deems appropriate. Allowance for doubtful accounts is based on a combination of historical experience and specific identification methods.

Credit risk is minimized as a result of the ongoing credit assessment of our customers and a lack of concentration in our customer base. Credit losses are charged to allowance for doubtful accounts when deemed uncollectible. Our allowance for doubtful accounts is reflected as a reduction of accounts receivable in the consolidated balance sheets.

One customer accounted for more than 10% of our consolidated accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2023 and two customers as of December 31, 2022. One customer accounted for $4.0 billion and $3.9 billion of net sales which was more than 10% of consolidated net sales for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and was recognized in the Refining segment. No customer exceeded more than 10% of consolidated net sales for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Inventory

Crude oil, work-in-process, refined products, blendstocks and asphalt inventory for all of our operations, excluding merchandise inventory in our Retail segment, are stated at the lower of cost determined using the first-in, first-out ("FIFO") basis or net realizable value. Retail merchandise inventory consists of cigarettes, beer, convenience merchandise and food service merchandise and is stated at estimated cost as determined by the retail inventory method. We are not subject to concentration risk with specific suppliers, since our crude oil and refined products inventory purchases are commodities that are readily available from a large selection of suppliers.

Investment Commodities

Investment commodities represent those commodities (generally crude oil) physically on hand as a result of trading activities with physical forward contracts where such crude will not be used (either directly in production or indirectly through inventory optimization) in the normal course of our refining business. Such investment commodities are maintained on a weighted average cost basis for determining realized gains and losses on physical purchases and sales under forward contracts, and ending balances are adjusted to fair value at each reporting date using published market prices of the commodity on the applicable exchange. The investment commodities are included in other current assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and changes in fair value are recorded in other operating income in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Assets acquired by Delek in conjunction with business acquisitions are recorded at estimated fair value at the acquisition date in accordance with the purchase method of accounting as prescribed in Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 805, Business Combinations ("ASC 805"). Other acquisitions of property and equipment are carried at cost. Betterments, renewals and extraordinary repairs that extend the life of an asset are capitalized. Delek capitalizes interest on capital projects associated with the refining and logistics segments. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. Delek owns certain fixed assets on leased locations and depreciates these assets and asset improvements over the lesser of management's estimated useful lives of the assets or the remaining lease term.

Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over management's estimated useful lives of the related assets, which are as follows:


			Years
Building and building improvements			15-40
Refinery machinery and equipment			5-40
Pipelines and terminals			10-40
Retail store equipment and site improvements			7-40
Refinery turnaround costs			4-6
Automobiles			3-10
Computer equipment and software			3-10
Furniture and fixtures			5-15
Asset retirement obligation assets			15-50


F-13 \|

Other Intangible Assets

Other intangible assets acquired in a business combination and determined to be finite-lived are amortized over their respective estimated useful lives. The finite-lived intangible assets are amortized on straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of 8 to 35 years. The amortization expense is included in depreciation and amortization on the accompanying consolidated statements of income. Acquired intangible assets determined to have an indefinite useful life are not amortized, but are instead tested for impairment in connection with our evaluation of long-lived assets as events and circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired.

Long-Lived Assets and Other Intangibles Impairment

Long-lived assets held and used and other intangibles are evaluated for impairment whenever indicators of impairment exist. In accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant and Equipment ("ASC 360") and ASC 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other ("ASC 350"), Delek evaluates the realizability of these long-lived assets as events occur that might indicate potential impairment. In doing so, Delek assesses whether the carrying amount of the asset is recoverable by estimating the sum of the future cash flows expected to result from the asset, undiscounted and without interest charges. If the carrying amount is more than the recoverable amount, an impairment charge must be recognized based on the fair value of the asset. These impairment charges are included in asset impairment in our consolidated statements of income. There was a $23.1 million impairment related to right-of-use assets for the year ended December 31, 2023. There were no impairment charges for the years ended December 31, 2022 or 2021. See Note 23 for further information on our right-of-use assets impairment.

Equity Method Investments

For equity investments that are not required to be consolidated under the variable or voting interest model, we evaluate the level of influence we are able to exercise over an entity’s operations to determine whether to use the equity method of accounting. Our judgment regarding the level of influence over an equity method investment includes considering key factors such as our ownership interest, participation in policy-making and other significant decisions and material intercompany transactions. Equity investments for which we determine we have significant influence are accounted for as equity method investments. Amounts recognized for equity method investments are included in equity method investments in our consolidated balance sheets and adjusted for our share of the net earnings and losses of the investee and cash distributions, which are separately stated in our consolidated statements of income and our consolidated statements of cash flows. We evaluate our equity method investments presented for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of such investments may be impaired. There were no impairment losses recorded on equity method investments for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 or 2021. See Note 7 for further information on our equity method investments.

Variable Interest Entities

Our consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of our subsidiaries and variable interest entities, of which we are the primary beneficiary. We evaluate all legal entities in which we hold an ownership or other pecuniary interest to determine if the entity is a VIE. Variable interests can be contractual, ownership or other pecuniary interests in an entity that change with changes in the fair value of the VIE’s assets. If we are not the primary beneficiary, the general partner or another limited partner may consolidate the VIE, and we record the investment as an equity method investment.

Refinery Turnaround Costs

Refinery turnaround costs are incurred in connection with planned shutdowns and inspections of our refineries' major units to perform necessary repairs and replacements. Refinery turnaround costs are deferred when incurred, classified as property, plant and equipment and amortized on a straight-line basis over that period of time estimated to lapse until the next planned turnaround occurs. Refinery turnaround costs include, among other things, the cost to repair, restore, refurbish or replace refinery equipment such as vessels, tanks, reactors, piping, rotating equipment, instrumentation, electrical equipment, heat exchangers and fired heaters.

Goodwill and Impairment

Goodwill in an acquisition represents the excess of the aggregate purchase price over the fair value of the identifiable net assets. Goodwill is reviewed at least annually during the fourth quarter for impairment, or more frequently if indicators of impairment exist, such as disruptions in our business, unexpected significant declines in operating results or a sustained market capitalization decline. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment by comparing the carrying amount of the reporting unit to its estimated fair value. In accordance with Accounting Standards Updates ("ASU") 2017-04, Goodwill and Other (Topic 350); Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, a goodwill impairment charge is recognized for the amount that the carrying amount of a reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeds its fair value, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.


F-14 \|

In assessing the recoverability of goodwill, assumptions are made with respect to future business conditions and estimated expected future cash flows to determine the fair value of a reporting unit. We may consider inputs such as a market participant weighted average cost of capital, gross margin, future volumes, capital expenditures and long-term growth rates based on historical information and our best estimate of future forecasts, all of which are subject to significant judgment and estimates. We may also consider a market approach in determining or corroborating the fair values of the reporting units using a multiple of expected future cash flows, such as those used by third-party analysts, which is also subject to significant judgment and estimates. If these estimates and assumptions change in the future, due to factors such as a decline in general economic conditions, competitive pressures on sales and margins and other economic and industry factors beyond management's control, an impairment charge may be required. A significant risk to our future results and the potential future impairment of goodwill is the volatility of the crude oil and the refined product markets which is often unpredictable and may negatively impact our results of operations in ways that cannot be anticipated and that are beyond management's control.

Our annual assessment of goodwill resulted in an impairment of $14.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. There was no impairment during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Details of remaining goodwill balances by segment are included in Note 16.

Business Combinations

We recognize and measure the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination based on their estimated fair values at the acquisition date in accordance with the provisions of ASC 805. Any excess or surplus of the purchase consideration when compared to the fair value of the net tangible assets acquired, if any, is recorded as goodwill or gain from a bargain purchase. The fair value of assets and liabilities as of the acquisition date are often estimated using a combination of approaches, including the income approach, which requires us to project future cash flows and apply an appropriate discount rate; the cost approach, which requires estimates of replacement costs and depreciation and obsolescence estimates; and the market approach which uses market data and adjusts for entity-specific differences. We use all available information to make these fair value determinations and engage third-party consultants for valuation assistance. The estimates used in determining fair values are based on assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain. Accordingly, actual results may differ materially from the projected results used to determine fair value.

Derivatives

Delek records all derivative financial instruments, including any interest rate swap and cap agreements, fuel-related derivatives, over the counter future swaps, forward contracts and future RIN purchase and sales commitments that qualify as derivative instruments, at estimated fair value in accordance with the provisions of ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging ("ASC 815"). Changes in the fair value of the derivative instruments are recognized in operations, unless we elect to apply and qualify for the hedging treatment permitted under the provisions of ASC 815 allowing such changes to be classified as other comprehensive income for cash flow hedges. We determine the fair value of all derivative financial instruments utilizing exchange pricing and/or price index developers such as Platts, Argus or OPIS. On a regular basis, Delek enters into commodity contracts with counterparties for the purchase or sale of crude oil, blendstocks, and various finished products. We evaluate these contracts under ASC 815 and do not measure at fair value if they qualify for, and we elect, the normal purchase / normal sale ("NPNS") exception.

Delek's policy under the guidance of ASC 815-10-45, Derivatives and Hedging - Other Presentation Matters ("ASC 815-10-45"), is to net the fair value amounts recognized for multiple derivative instruments executed with the same counterparty and offset these values against the cash collateral arising from these derivative positions.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The fair values of financial instruments are estimated based upon current market conditions and quoted market prices for the same or similar instruments. Management estimates that the carrying value approximates fair value for all of Delek's assets and liabilities that fall under the scope of ASC 825, Financial Instruments ("ASC 825"). Delek also applies the provisions of ASC 825 as it pertains to the fair value option with respect to certain financial instruments. This option permits the election to carry financial instruments and certain other items similar to financial instruments at fair value on the balance sheet, with all changes in fair value reported in earnings.


F-15 \|

Delek applies the provisions of ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosure ("ASC 820"), which defines fair value, establishes a framework for its measurement and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. ASC 820 applies to our commodity and other derivatives that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, and to our inventory intermediation agreement that is accounted for under the fair value election. ASC 820 also applies to the measurement of our equity method investment, goodwill and long-lived tangible and intangible assets when determining whether or not an impairment exists, when circumstances require evaluation. This standard also requires that we assess the impact of nonperformance risk on our derivatives. Nonperformance risk is not considered material to our financial statements as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Inventory Intermediation Obligations

Delek has an inventory intermediation agreement ("Inventory Intermediation Agreement") with Citigroup Energy Inc. ("Citi") in connection with DK Trading & Supply, LLC (“DKTS”), an indirect subsidiary of Delek, which provide a financing mechanism on contractual baseline inventory volumes and also revolving over and short volumes. We account for the market-indexed obligations under our Intermediation Agreements as product (in this case, crude oil and refined product inventory) financing arrangements under the fair value option pursuant to ASC 825 and the fair value guidance provided by ASC 820, and recognize all changes in the fair value in cost of materials and other in the accompanying statements of income. Prior to December 30, 2022, Delek had Supply and Offtake Agreements (the "Supply and Offtake Agreements" or the "J. Aron Agreements") with J. Aron & Company ("J. Aron") with similar terms. See Notes 9 and 12 for further discussion.

Environmental Credits and Related Regulatory Obligations

As part of our refining operations, we generate certain regulatory environmental credit obligations due to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) or other regulatory agencies. Additionally, we may generate, during the operation of our refining or other activities, or purchase on a market, environmental credits for purposes of ultimately meeting expected environmental credit obligations. These resultant net environmental credit obligations are accounted for under ASC 825. For those net credit obligations where (1) there are consistently available observable market inputs or market-corroborated inputs; and (2) there continues to be (or is reasonably expected to be) sustained liquidity in the applicable credits market, we generally apply the fair value option, as available pursuant to ASC 825. We recognize a current liability at the end of each reporting period in which we do not have sufficient environmental credits to cover the current environmental credits obligation (a “deficit”), and we recognize a current asset at the end of each reporting period in which we have generated or acquired environmental credits meeting our recognition criteria in excess of our current environmental credits obligation (a “surplus”). Any obligation would be measured at fair value either directly through the observable inputs or indirectly through the market-corroborated inputs. The net cost of environmental credits used each period as well as changes to fair value attributable to our environmental credit obligations are charged to cost of materials and other in the consolidated statements of income.

Our environmental credit obligations predominantly relate to EPA’s Renewable Fuel Standard - 2 ("RFS-2"), which requires that certain refiners generate environmental credits, called Renewable Identification Numbers ("RINs"), by blending renewable fuels into the fuel products they produce, or else purchasing RINs on the market, and that such RINs shall be used to satisfy the related environmental credit obligation. Each of our refineries is an obligated party under RFS-2. To the extent that any of our refineries is unable to blend or produce renewable fuels or generate or obtain sufficient RINs, it must purchase RINs to satisfy its annual requirement ("RINs Obligation"). To the extent that we have purchased RINs or transferred RINs to our refineries, each refinery’s RINs Obligation may be a surplus or deficit at the end of each reporting period (their respective “Net RINs Obligation”). Because our Net RINs Obligations exceed the RINs we are able to generate annually on a consolidated basis, and because we have the legal ability to transfer RINs generated or purchased through any of our entities to our obligated parties as needed, we view and manage the Company’s individual Net RINs Obligations, as well as any non-obligated party RINs holdings, on a consolidated basis. Therefore, the sum of our individual obligated parties’ Net RINs Obligations as well as RINs held by our non-obligated parties which meet our recognition criteria, comprises the Company’s “Consolidated Net RINs Obligation.” For all periods presented in these consolidated financial statements, the individual obligation relating to a specific category and vintage requirements under RFS-2 comprising our Consolidated Net RINs Obligation are subject to market risk and meet the criteria set forth above. Therefore, we have elected to apply the fair value option to our Consolidated Net RIN Obligation, using the fair value guidance provided by ASC 820. Recognition of production-related RINs Obligation expense reflects the accrual of our RINs Obligation based on the current period production using current market price of RINs. We record fair value adjustments to the RINs Obligation to reflect the ending market price of the underlying RINs relating to RINs Obligation incurred on previous production that is still outstanding. We also may have changes in fair value attributable to changes in other observable market inputs, such as changes in volumetric expectations for obligation years where the volumetric rates have not yet been enacted. Therefore, fair value adjustments represent adjustments for changes in observable inputs from what they were when we initially incurred and recorded the obligation.

Other Related Transactions

From time to time, Delek enters into future commitments to purchase or sell RINs at fixed prices and quantities, which are used to manage the costs associated with our RINs Obligation. These future RINs commitment contracts meet the definition of derivative instruments under ASC 815, and are measured at fair value based on quoted prices from an independent pricing service. Changes in the fair value of these future RINs commitment contracts are recorded in cost of materials and other on the consolidated statements of income. See Note 11 for further information.


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Additionally, from time to time, we may elect to sell surplus environmental credits and contemporaneously enter into a corresponding obligation to repurchase substantially identical environmental credits at a future date to provide an additional source of short-term financing and to take advantage of market liquidity for holdings that are not currently required for operations. We account for such transactions as product financing arrangements. In such cases, the sale is not recognized, but rather the proceeds are treated as product financing proceeds where a corresponding product financing obligation is recorded, while the subsequent repurchase is treated as repayment of the product financing obligation, with the difference recorded as interest expense over the intervening period. Such transactions are included in our cash flows from financing transactions.

Self-Insurance Reserves

Delek has varying deductibles or self-insured retentions on our workers’ compensation, general liability, automobile liability insurance and medical claims for certain employees with coverage above the deductibles or self-insured retentions in amounts management considers adequate. We maintain an accrual for these costs based on claims filed and an estimate of claims incurred but not reported. Differences between actual settlements and recorded accruals are recorded in the period such differences are identified.

Environmental Expenditures

It is Delek's policy to accrue environmental and clean-up related costs of a non-capital nature when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Environmental liabilities represent the current estimated costs to investigate and remediate contamination at sites where we have environmental exposure. This estimate is based on assessments of the extent of the contamination, the selected remediation technology and review of applicable environmental regulations, typically considering estimated activities and costs for 15 years, and up to 30 years if a longer period is believed reasonably necessary. Such estimates may require judgment with respect to costs, time frame and extent of required remedial and clean-up activities. Accruals for estimated costs from environmental remediation obligations generally are recognized no later than completion of the remedial feasibility study and include, but are not limited to, costs to perform remedial actions and costs of machinery and equipment that are dedicated to the remedial actions and that do not have an alternative use. Such accruals are adjusted as further information develops or circumstances change. We discount environmental liabilities to their present value if payments are fixed or reliably determinable. Expenditures for equipment necessary for environmental issues relating to ongoing operations are capitalized. Provisions for environmental liabilities generally are recognized in operating expenses.

Changes in laws and regulations and actual remediation expenses compared to historical experience could significantly impact our results of operations and financial position. We believe the estimates selected, in each instance, represent our best estimate of future outcomes, but the actual outcomes could differ from the estimates selected.

Asset Retirement Obligations

Delek initially recognizes liabilities which represent the fair value of a legal obligation to perform asset retirement activities, including those that are conditional on a future event, when the amount can be reasonably estimated. If a reasonable estimate cannot be made at the time the liability is incurred, we record the liability when sufficient information is available to estimate the liability’s fair value.

In the refining segment, we have asset retirement obligations with respect to our refineries due to various legal obligations to clean and/or dispose of these assets at the time they are retired. In the logistics segment, these obligations relate to the required cleanout of the pipeline and terminal tanks and removal of certain above-grade portions of the pipeline situated on right-of-way property. In the retail segment, we have asset retirement obligations related to the removal of underground storage tanks and the removal of brand signage at owned and leased retail sites which are legally required under the applicable leases. The asset retirement obligation for storage tank removal on leased retail sites is accreted over the expected life of the owned retail site or the average retail site lease term.

In order to determine fair value, management must make certain estimates and assumptions including, among other things, projected cash flows, a credit-adjusted risk-free rate and an assessment of market conditions that could significantly impact the estimated fair value of the asset retirement obligations. We believe the estimates selected, in each instance, represent our best estimate of future outcomes, but the actual outcomes could differ from the estimates selected.

Guarantees

We account for guarantees pursuant to the guidance in ASC 460, Guarantees. The fair value of a noncontingent guarantee is determined and recorded as a liability at the time the guarantee is contractually executed, and the initial liability is subsequently reduced as we are released from exposure under the guarantee. We may amortize the noncontingent guarantee liability over the relevant time period, if one exists, based on the facts and circumstances surrounding each type of guarantee, including whether the risk underlying the guarantee diminishes over time. Otherwise, we will record changes in the fair value of the liability as they occur and can be reasonably estimated and will reverse the fair value liability when there is no further exposure under the guarantee. Changes to the guarantee liability are recognized in the consolidated income statement on the line item that best represents the nature of the guarantee. When the contingent performance on a guarantee becomes probable and the liability can be reasonably estimated, we accrue an additional liability for the amount that such liability exceeds the carrying value of the noncontingent guarantee, based on the facts and circumstances at that time.


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Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control over a product or by providing services to a customer.

Refining

Revenues for products sold are recorded at the point of sale upon delivery of product, which is the point at which title to the product is transferred, the customer has accepted the product and the customer has significant risks and rewards of owning the product. We typically have a right to payment once control of the product is transferred to the customer. Transaction prices for these products are typically at market rates for the product at the time of delivery. Payment terms require customers to pay shortly after delivery and do not contain significant financing components.

We sale crude barrels through supply agreements predominantly in the gulf coast region. The transaction price for these products is based on contractual rates. Revenue is recognized based on consideration specified in such agreements when performance obligations are satisfied by transferring control of crude oil to the customer.

The transaction prices of our contracts with customers are either fixed or variable, with variable pricing generally based on various market indices. For our contracts that include variable consideration, we utilize the variable consideration allocation exception, whereby the variable consideration is only allocated to the performance obligations that are satisfied during the period. Refer to Note 4 for disclosure of our revenue disaggregated by segment, as well as a description of our reportable segment income.

Logistics

Revenues for products sold are generally recognized upon delivery of the product, which is when title and control of the product is transferred. Transaction prices for these products are typically at market rates for the product at the time of delivery. Service revenues are recognized as crude oil, intermediates, refined products, natural gas and water are shipped through, delivered by or stored in our pipelines, trucks, terminals and storage facility assets, as applicable, and as wastewater is recycled and disposed of. We do not recognize product revenues for these services as the product does not represent a promised good in the context of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606"). All service revenues are based on regulated tariff rates or contractual rates. Payment terms require customers to pay shortly after delivery and do not contain significant financing components.

Retail

Fuel and merchandise revenue is recognized at the point of sale, which is when control of the product is transferred to the customer. Payments from customers are received at the time sales occur in cash or by credit or debit card. We derive service revenues from the sale of lottery tickets, money orders, car washes and other ancillary product and service offerings. Service revenue and related costs are recorded at gross amounts or net amounts, as appropriate, in accordance with the principal versus agent provisions in ASC 606.

Credit Losses

Under ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments ("ASU 2016-13"), as codified in ASC 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses ("ASC 326"), we have applied the expected credit loss model for recognition and measurement of impairments in financial assets measured at amortized cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income including accounts receivables. The expected credit loss model is also applied for notes receivables and contractual holdbacks to which ASU 2016-13 applies and which are not accounted for at fair value through profit or loss. The loss allowance for the financial asset is measured at an amount equal to the lifetime expected credit losses. If the credit risk on the financial asset has decreased significantly since initial recognition, the loss allowance for the financial asset is re-measured. Changes in loss allowances are recognized in profit and loss. For trade receivables, a simplified impairment approach is applied recognizing expected lifetime losses from initial recognition.

Cost of Materials and Other and Operating Expenses

For the refining segment, cost of materials and other includes the following:

•the direct cost of materials (such as crude oil and other refinery feedstocks, refined petroleum products and blendstocks, and ethanol feedstocks and products) that are a component of our products sold;

•costs related to the delivery (such as shipping and handling costs) of products sold;

•costs related to our environmental credit obligations to comply with various governmental and regulatory programs (such as the cost of RINs as required by the EPA's Renewable Fuel Standard and emission credits under various cap-and-trade systems); and

•gains and losses on our commodity derivative instruments.

Operating expenses for the refining segment include the costs to operate our refineries and biodiesel facilities, excluding depreciation and amortization. These costs primarily include employee-related expenses, energy and utility costs, catalysts and chemical costs, and repairs and maintenance expenses.


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For the logistics segment, cost of materials and other includes the following:

•all costs of purchased refined products, additives and related transportation of such products,

•costs associated with the operation of our trucking assets, which primarily include allocated employee costs and other costs related to fuel, truck leases and repairs and maintenance,

•the cost of pipeline capacity leased from a third-party, and

•gains and losses related to our commodity hedging activities.

Operating expenses for the logistics segment include the costs associated with the operation of owned terminals and pipelines and terminalling expenses at third-party locations, excluding depreciation and amortization. These costs primarily include outside services, allocated employee costs, repairs and maintenance costs and energy and utility costs. Operating expenses related to the wholesale business are excluded from cost of sales because they primarily relate to costs associated with selling the products through our wholesale business.

For the retail segment, cost of materials and other comprises the costs related to specific products sold at retail sites, primarily consisting of motor fuels and merchandise. Retail fuel cost of sales represents the cost of purchased fuel, including transportation costs. Merchandise cost of sales includes the delivered cost of merchandise purchases, net of merchandise rebates and commissions. Operating expenses related to the retail business include costs such as wages of employees, lease expense, utility expense and other costs of operating the stores, excluding depreciation and amortization, and are excluded from cost of sales because they primarily relate to costs associated with selling the products through our retail sites.

Depreciation and amortization is separately presented in our statement of income and disclosed by reportable segment in Note 4.

Sales, Use and Excise Taxes

Delek's policy is to exclude from revenue all taxes assessed by a governmental authority, including sales, use and excise taxes, that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction and collected from a customer.

Deferred Financing Costs

Deferred financing costs associated with our revolving credit facilities are included in other non-current assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Deferred financing costs associated with our term loan facilities are included as a reduction to the associated debt balance in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. These costs represent expenses related to issuing our long-term debt and obtaining our lines of credit and are amortized ratably over the remaining term of the respective financing when it is not materially different from the effective interest method and included in interest expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of income. See Note 10 for further information.

Leases

In accordance with ASC 842-20, Leases - Lessee ("ASC 842-20"), we classify leases with contractual terms longer than twelve months as either operating or finance. Finance leases are generally those leases that are highly specialized or allow us to substantially utilize or pay for the entire asset over its useful life. All other leases are classified as operating leases.

Delek leases land, buildings and various equipment under primarily operating lease arrangements, most of which provide the option, after the initial lease term, to renew the leases. Some of these lease arrangements include fixed lease rate increases, while others include lease rate increases based upon such factors as changes, if any, in defined inflationary indices.

For all leases that include fixed rental rate increases, these are included in our fixed lease payments. Our leases may include variable payments, based on changes on price or other indices, that are expensed as incurred.

Delek calculates the total lease expense for the entire noncancelable lease period, considering renewals for all periods for which it is reasonably certain to be exercised, and records lease expense on a straight-line basis in the accompanying consolidated statements of income. Accordingly, a lease liability is recognized for these leases and is calculated to be the present value of the fixed lease payments, as defined by ASC 842-20, using a discount rate based on our incremental borrowing rate. A corresponding right-of-use asset is recognized based on the lease liability and adjusted for certain costs and prepayments. The right-of-use asset is amortized over the noncancelable lease period, considering renewals for all periods for which it is reasonably certain to be exercised. For substantially all classes of underlying assets, we have elected the practical expedient not to separate lease and non-lease components, which allows us to combine the components if certain criteria are met. See Note 23 for further information.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the provisions of ASC 740, Income Taxes ("ASC 740"). This standard generally requires Delek to record deferred income taxes for the differences between the book and tax basis of its assets and liabilities, which are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred income tax expense or benefit represents the net change during the year in our deferred income tax assets and liabilities, exclusive of the amounts held in other comprehensive income.


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ASC 740 also prescribes a comprehensive model for how companies should recognize, measure, present and disclose in their financial statements uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken on a tax return and prescribes the minimum recognition threshold a tax position is required to meet before being recognized in the financial statements. Finally, ASC 740 requires an annual tabular roll-forward of unrecognized tax benefits.

In August 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “Act”) was signed into law. One of the aspects of the Act was the introduction of a 1% excise tax on certain corporate stock buybacks. More specifically, the Act would impose a nondeductible 1% excise tax on the fair market value of certain stock that is “repurchased” during the taxable year by a publicly traded U.S. corporation or acquired by certain of its subsidiaries. The taxable amount is reduced by the fair market value of certain issuances of stock throughout the year. The Act also imposes a 15% corporate minimum tax and extends and expands tax incentives for clean energy. The Company does not expect any material impacts as a result of The Act.

Equity-Based Compensation

ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation ("ASC 718"), requires the cost of all share-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, to be recognized in the income statement and establishes fair value as the measurement objective in accounting for share-based payment arrangements. ASC 718 requires the use of a valuation model to calculate the fair value of stock-based awards on the date of grant. Delek uses the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model to determine the fair value of stock option and stock appreciation right ("SARs") awards.

Restricted stock units ("RSUs") are valued based on the fair market value of the underlying stock on the date of grant. Performance-based RSUs ("PRSUs") include a market condition based on the Company's total shareholder return over the performance period and are valued using a Monte-Carlo simulation model. We record compensation expense for these awards based on the grant date fair value of the award, recognized ratably over the measurement period. Vested RSUs and PRSUs are not issued until the minimum statutory withholding requirements have been remitted to us for payment to the taxing authority. As a result, the actual number of shares accounted for as issued may be less than the number of RSUs vested, due to any withholding amounts which have not been remitted.

We generally recognize compensation expense related to stock-based awards with graded or cliff vesting on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. It is our practice to issue new shares when share-based awards are exercised. Our equity-based compensation expense includes estimates for forfeitures and volatility based on our historical experience. If actual forfeitures differ from our estimates, we adjust equity-based compensation expense accordingly.

Postretirement Benefits

In connection with the acquisition of the outstanding common stock of Alon on July 1, 2017 (the "Delek/Alon Merger"), we assumed defined benefit pension and postretirement medical plans for certain former Alon employees. We recognize the underfunded status of our defined benefit pension and postretirement medical plans as a liability. Changes in the funded status of our defined benefit pension and postretirement medical plans are recognized in other comprehensive income in the period when the changes occur. The funded status represents the difference between the projected benefit obligation and the fair value of the plan assets. The projected benefit obligation is the present value of benefits earned to date by plan participants, including the effect of assumed future salary increases. Plan assets are measured at fair value. We use December 31 of each year, or more frequently as necessary, as the measurement date for plan assets and obligations for all of our defined benefit pension and postretirement medical plans. We straight-line amortize prior service costs and actuarial gains and losses over the average future service of members expected to receive benefits and use a 10% corridor in regards to the actuarial gains and losses. See Note 22 for more information regarding our postretirement benefits.

The service cost component of net periodic benefit is included as part of general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of income. The other components of net periodic benefit are included as part of other expense (income), net in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.

New Accounting Pronouncements Adopted During 2023

ASU 2023-03 , Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205), Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220), Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (Topic 480), Equity (Topic 505), and Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718)

In July 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2023-03, Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205), Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220), Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (Topic 480), Equity (Topic 505), and Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718) (“ASU 2023-03”). This ASU amends or supersedes various SEC paragraphs within the FASB Accounting Standards Codification to conform to past SEC announcements and guidance issued by the SEC. ASU 2023-03 does not provide any new guidance, so there is no transition or effective date. ASU 2023-03 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.


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Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes(Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 Income Taxes(Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures ("ASU 2023-09"). The standard is intended to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. ASU 2023-09 requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity's effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted, and should be applied on a prospective basis with the option to apply the standard retrospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the provisions of the amendments and the impact on its future consolidated statements, but does not currently expect adopting this new guidance will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07 Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures ("ASU 2023-07"). ASU 2023-07 expands reportable segment disclosure requirements by requiring disclosures of significant reportable segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief decision maker ("CODM") and included within each reported measure of a segment's profit or loss, an amount and description of its composition for other segment items, and interim disclosures of a reportable segment's profit or loss and assets. The ASU also requires disclosure of the title and position of the individual identified as the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measures of a segment's profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The adoption of ASU 2023-07 should not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. See Note 4 for further information.

ASU 2023-06, Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC's Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative

In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06 Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC's Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative ("ASU 2023-06"). The main provision of ASU 2023-06 is to clarify or improve disclosure and presentation requirements of a variety of topics, which will allow users to more easily compare entities subject to the SEC's existing disclosures with those entities that were not previously subject to the requirements, and align the requirements in the FASB accounting standard codification with the SEC's regulations. The effective date for each amendment will be the date on which the SEC’s removal of that related disclosure from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective, with early adoption prohibited. The Company is currently evaluating the provisions of the amendments and the impact on its future consolidated statements, but does not currently expect adopting this new guidance will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

3. Acquisitions

Delek Delaware Gathering (formally 3 Bear)

On June 1, 2022, DKL Delaware Gathering, LLC, a subsidiary of the Delek Logistics, acquired 100% of the limited liability company interests in 3 Bear Delaware Holding – NM, LLC ("3 Bear") from 3 Bear Energy – New Mexico LLC, (subsequently renamed to Delek Delaware Gathering ("Delaware Gathering")), related to their crude oil and natural gas gathering, processing and transportation businesses, as well as water disposal and recycling operations, located in the Delaware Basin of New Mexico (the "Delaware Gathering Acquisition"). The purchase price for Delaware Gathering was $628.3 million. The Delaware Gathering Acquisition was financed through a combination of cash on hand and borrowings under the Delek Logistics' Revolving Facility (as discussed in Note 10 of these consolidated financial statements).

The Delaware Gathering Acquisition was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting, whereby the purchase price was allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on their fair values. The excess of the consideration paid over the fair value of the net assets acquired was recorded as goodwill.

Determination of Purchase Price

The table below represents the purchase price (in millions):


Base purchase price:	$	624.7
Add: closing net working capital (as defined in the 3 Bear Purchase Agreement)	3.6
Less: closing indebtedness (as defined in the 3 Bear Purchase Agreement)	(80.6)
Cash paid for the adjusted purchase price	547.7
Cash paid to payoff 3 Bear credit agreement (as defined in the 3 Bear Purchase Agreement)	80.6
Purchase price	$	628.3


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Purchase Price Allocation

The following table summarizes the final fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the Delaware Gathering Acquisition as of June 1, 2022 (in millions):


Assets acquired:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	2.7
Accounts receivables, net	28.9
Inventories	1.8
Other current assets	1.0
Property, plant and equipment	382.8
Operating lease right-of-use assets	7.4
Goodwill	14.8
Other intangibles, net	223.5
Other non-current assets	0.5
Total assets acquired	663.4

Liabilities assumed:
Accounts payable	8.0
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	22.4
Current portion of operating lease liabilities	1.0
Asset retirement obligations	2.3
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	1.4
Total liabilities assumed	35.1
Fair value of net assets acquired	$	628.3

4. Segment Data

We aggregate our operating segments into three reportable segments: Refining, Logistics and Retail. Operations that are not specifically included in the reportable segments are included in Corporate, Other and Eliminations, which primarily consists of the following:

•our corporate activities;

•results of certain immaterial operating segments, including our Canadian crude trading operations (as discussed in Note 11); and

•intercompany eliminations.

The accounting policies of the reporting segments are the same as those described in Note 2, except that the disaggregated financial results for the reporting segments have been prepared using a management approach, which is consistent with the basis and manner in which management internally disaggregates financial information for the purposes of assisting internal operating decisions. The CODM evaluates performance based upon EBITDA attributable to Delek. We define EBITDA attributable to Delek for any period as net income (loss) attributable to Delek plus interest expense, income tax expense (benefit), depreciation and amortization. Segment EBITDA should not be considered a substitute for results prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and should not be considered an alternative to net income (loss), which is the most directly comparable financial measure to EBITDA that is in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Segment EBITDA, as determined and measured by us, should also not be compared to similarly titled measures reported by other companies.

Assets by segment are not a measure used to assess the performance of the Company by the CODM and thus are not disclosed.

Refining Segment

The refining segment processes crude oil and other feedstocks for the manufacture of transportation motor fuels, including various grades of gasoline, diesel fuel and aviation fuel, asphalt and other petroleum-based products that are distributed through owned and third-party product terminals. The refining segment includes the following:

•Tyler, Texas refinery (the "Tyler refinery");

•El Dorado, Arkansas refinery (the "El Dorado refinery");

•Big Spring, Texas refinery (the "Big Spring refinery"); and

•Krotz Springs, Louisiana refinery (the "Krotz Springs refinery").

As of December 31, 2023, the refining segment also owns and operates three biodiesel facilities involved in the production of biodiesel fuels and related activities, located in Crossett, Arkansas, Cleburne, Texas and New Albany, Mississippi. The biodiesel industry has historically been substantially aided by federal and state tax incentives. One tax incentive program that has been significant to our renewable fuels facilities is the federal blender's tax credit (also known as the biodiesel tax credit or "BTC"). The BTC provides a $1.00 refundable tax credit per gallon of pure


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biodiesel to the first blender of biodiesel with petroleum-based diesel fuel. The blender's tax credit was originally set to expire December 31, 2022, but was extended through December 31, 2024. In addition, the refining segment also includes our wholesale crude operations.

On May 7, 2020, we sold our equity interests in Alon Bakersfield Property, Inc., an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary that owns the non-operating refinery located in Bakersfield, California, to a subsidiary of Global Clean Energy Holdings, Inc. (“GCE”). As part of the transaction, GCE granted a call option to Delek to acquire up to a 33 1/3% limited member interest in the acquiring subsidiary of GCE for up to $13.3 million, subject to certain adjustments. Such option is exercisable by Delek through the 90th day after GCE demonstrates commercial operations, as contractually defined which has not yet occurred as of December 31, 2023.

The refining segment's petroleum-based products are marketed primarily in the south central, southwestern and western regions of the United States. This segment also ships and sells gasoline into wholesale markets in the southern and eastern United States. Motor fuels are sold under the Alon or Delek brand through various terminals to supply Alon or Delek branded retail sites. In addition, Alon sells motor fuels through its wholesale distribution network on an unbranded basis.

Logistics Segment

Our logistics segment owns and operates crude oil, refined products and natural gas logistics and marketing assets as well as water disposal and recycling assets. The logistics segment generates revenue by charging fees for gathering, transporting and storing crude oil and natural gas, marketing, distributing, transporting and storing intermediate and refined products and disposing and recycling water in select regions of the southeastern United States, the Delaware Basin in New Mexico and West Texas for our refining segment and third parties, and sales of wholesale products in the West Texas market. The operating results and assets acquired in the Delaware Gathering Acquisition have been included in the logistics segment beginning on June 1, 2022.

Retail Segment

Our retail segment includes the operations of owned and leased convenience store sites located primarily in West Texas and New Mexico. These convenience stores typically offer various grades of gasoline and diesel under the Alon or Delek brand name and food products, food service, tobacco products, non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages, general merchandise as well as money grams to the public, primarily under the 7-Eleven and DK or Alon brand names. Substantially all of the motor fuel sold through our retail segment is supplied by our Big Spring refinery, which is transferred to the retail segment at prices substantially determined by reference to published commodity pricing information. We operated 250 and 249 stores as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. In November 2018, we terminated the license agreement with 7-Eleven, Inc. According to the terms of such agreement and subsequent amendments, all 7-Eleven branding was removed on a store-by-store basis by December 31, 2023.

Significant Inter-segment Transactions

All inter-segment transactions have been eliminated in consolidation and consists primarily of the following:

•refining segment refined product sales to the retail segment to be sold through the store locations;

•refining segment sales of asphalt and refined product to entities included in corporate, other and eliminations;

•logistics segment service fee revenue under service agreements with the refining segment based on the number of gallons sold and to share a portion of the margin achieved in return for providing marketing, sales and customer services;

•logistics segment sales of wholesale finished product to our refining segment; and

•logistics segment crude transportation, terminalling and storage fee revenue from our refining segment for the utilization of pipeline, terminal and storage assets.


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Business Segment Operating Performance

The following is a summary of business segment operating performance as measured by EBITDA for the year ended indicated (in millions):


	Year Ended December 31, 2023
(In millions)	Refining		Logistics (1)		Retail		Corporate, Other and Eliminations (2)		Consolidated
Net revenues (excluding intercompany fees and revenues)	$	15,578.1	$	456.6	$	882.7	$	—	$	16,917.4
Inter-segment fees and revenues	828.8		563.8		—		(1,392.6)		—
Total revenues	$	16,406.9	$	1,020.4	$	882.7	$	(1,392.6)	$	16,917.4

Segment EBITDA attributable to Delek	$	529.4	$	363.0	$	46.9	$	(244.6)	$	694.7
Depreciation and amortization	(234.2)		(92.4)		(12.1)		(12.9)		(351.6)
Interest expense, net	(42.3)		(143.2)		(0.2)		(132.5)		(318.2)
Income tax expense									(5.1)
Net income attributable to Delek									$	19.8

Income from equity method investments	$	(0.6)	$	(31.4)	$	—	$	(54.2)	$	(86.2)
Capital spending (3)	$	246.9	$	81.3	$	29.8	$	31.1	$	389.1


	Year Ended December 31, 2022
(In millions)	Refining		Logistics		Retail		Corporate, Other and Eliminations		Consolidated
Net revenues (excluding intercompany fees and revenues)	$	18,730.9	$	557.0	$	956.9	$	1.0	$	20,245.8
Inter-segment fees and revenues	1,032.1		479.4		—		(1,511.5)		—
Total revenues	$	19,763.0	$	1,036.4	$	956.9	$	(1,510.5)	$	20,245.8

Segment EBITDA attributable to Delek	$	719.1	$	304.8	$	44.1	$	(264.7)	$	803.3
Depreciation and amortization	(205.4)		(63.0)		(12.0)		(6.6)		(287.0)
Interest expense, net	(4.1)		(82.3)		0.5		(109.4)		(195.3)
Income tax expense									(63.9)
Net income attributable to Delek									$	257.1

Income from equity method investments	$	(1.0)	$	(31.7)	$	—	$	(25.0)	$	(57.7)
Capital spending (excluding business combinations) (3)	$	138.0	$	130.7	$	34.2	$	40.2	$	343.1


	Year Ended December 31, 2021
(In millions)	Refining		Logistics		Retail		Corporate, Other and Eliminations		Consolidated
Net revenues (excluding intercompany fees and revenues)	$	9,564.9	$	282.1	$	797.4	$	3.8	$	10,648.2
Inter-segment fees and revenues	702.9		418.8		—		(1,121.7)		—
Total revenues	$	10,267.8	$	700.9	$	797.4	$	(1,117.9)	$	10,648.2

Segment EBITDA attributable to Delek	$	69.2	$	258.0	$	51.1	$	(147.3)	$	231.0
Depreciation and amortization	(198.7)		(42.8)		(12.7)		(10.4)		(264.6)
Interest expense, net	17.4		(50.2)		—		(103.9)		(136.7)
Income tax benefit									42.0
Net loss attributable to Delek									$	(128.3)

Income from equity method investments	$	(0.7)	$	(24.6)	$	—	$	7.0	$	(18.3)
Capital spending (3)	$	172.4	$	27.5	$	5.1	$	22.1	$	227.1

(1) Includes a $14.8 million goodwill impairment charge. Refer to Note 16 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets for further information.

(2) Includes a $23.1 million right-of-use asset impairment charge. Refer to Note 19 - Restructuring and Other Charges for further information.

(3) Capital spending includes additions on an accrual basis.


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5. Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share (or "EPS") is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income, as adjusted for changes to income that would result from the assumed settlement of the dilutive equity instruments included in diluted weighted average common shares outstanding, by the diluted weighted average common shares outstanding. For all periods presented, we have outstanding various equity-based compensation awards that are considered in our diluted EPS calculation (when to do so would be dilutive), and is inclusive of awards disclosed in Note 20 to these consolidated financial statements. For those instruments that are indexed to our common stock, they are generally dilutive when the market price of the underlying indexed share of common stock is in excess of the exercise price.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share.


	Year Ended December 31,
		2023		2022		2021
Numerator:
Numerator for EPS
Net income (loss)		$	46.7	$	290.5	$	(95.3)
Less: Income attributed to non-controlling interest		26.9		33.4		33.0


Numerator for basic and diluted EPS attributable to Delek		$	19.8	$	257.1	$	(128.3)








Denominator:
Weighted average common shares outstanding (denominator for basic EPS)		65,406,089		70,789,458		73,984,104


Dilutive effect of stock-based awards		569,212		726,903		—
Weighted average common shares outstanding, assuming dilution (denominator for diluted EPS)		65,975,301		71,516,361		73,984,104

EPS:



Basic income (loss) per share		$	0.30	$	3.63	$	(1.73)



Diluted income (loss) per share		$	0.30	$	3.59	$	(1.73)

The following equity instruments were excluded from the diluted weighted average common shares outstanding because their effect would be anti-dilutive:
Antidilutive stock-based compensation (because average share price is less than exercise price)		1,718,880		2,299,660		2,988,718
Antidilutive due to loss		—		—		598,775
Total antidilutive stock-based compensation		1,718,880		2,299,660		3,587,493

6. Delek Logistics

Delek Logistics is a publicly traded limited partnership formed by Delek in 2012 that owns and operates crude oil, refined products and natural gas logistics and marketing assets as well as water disposal and recycling assets. A substantial majority of Delek Logistics' assets are integral to Delek’s refining and marketing operations. As of December 31, 2023, we owned a 78.7% interest in Delek Logistics, consisting of 34,311,278 common limited partner units and the non-economic general partner interest. The limited partner interests in Delek Logistics not owned by us are reflected in net income attributable to non-controlling interest in the accompanying consolidated statements of income and in non-controlling interest in subsidiaries in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

In September 2023, Delek Logistics filed a shelf registration statement, which subsequently became effective, with the SEC for the proposed re-sale or other disposition from time to time by Delek of up to 13.6 million common limited partner units representing our limited partner interests in Delek Logistics. No units were sold for the year ended December 31, 2023.

On November 14, 2022, Delek Logistics entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement with RBC Capital Markets, LLC (the “Manager”) under which we may issue and sell, from time to time, to or through the Manager, as sales agent and/or principal, as applicable, common units representing limited partner interests, having an aggregate offering price of up to $100.0 million. The Equity Distribution Agreement provides us the right, but not the obligation, to sell common units in the future, at prices we deem appropriate. The net proceeds from any sales under this agreement will be used for general partnership purposes. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we sold 59,192 common units under the Equity Distribution Agreement for net proceeds of $3.1 million. Underwriting discounts were immaterial. No common units were sold for the year ended December 31, 2023.


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On June 1, 2022, DKL Delaware Gathering, LLC, a subsidiary of Delek Logistics, completed the Delaware Gathering Acquisition related to crude oil and natural gas gathering, processing and transportation businesses, as well as water disposal and recycling operations, in the Delaware Basin in New Mexico. The purchase price was $628.3 million. See Note 3 - Acquisitions for additional information.

On April 14, 2022, Delek Logistics filed a shelf registration statement with the SEC registering, which was declared effective on April 29th, for the potential sale, from time to time by Delek Logistics, of up to $200.0 million of common limited partner units of Delek Logistics.

On December 20, 2021, Delek commenced a program to sell up to 434,590 common limited partner units representing limited partner interests in Delek Logistics over the next three months in open market transactions conducted pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we sold 385,522 and 49,068 units, respectively, for gross proceeds of $16.4 million ($13.6 million, net of taxes) and $2.1 million ($1.7 million, net of taxes).

We have agreements with Delek Logistics that, among other things, establish fees for certain administrative and operational services provided by us and our subsidiaries to Delek Logistics, provide certain indemnification obligations and establish terms for fee-based commercial logistics and marketing services provided by Delek Logistics and its subsidiaries to us. The revenues and expenses associated with these agreements are eliminated in consolidation.

Delek Logistics is a VIE, as defined under GAAP, and is consolidated into our consolidated financial statements, representing our logistics segment. The assets of Delek Logistics can only be used to settle its own obligations and its creditors have no recourse to our assets. Exclusive of intercompany balances and the marketing agreement intangible asset between Delek Logistics and Delek which are eliminated in consolidation, the Delek Logistics consolidated balance sheets are included in the consolidated balance sheets of Delek. The Delek Logistics consolidated balance sheets are presented below (in millions):


	As of December 31, 2023		As of December 31, 2022
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	3.8	$	8.0
Accounts receivable	41.1		53.3
Accounts receivable from related parties	28.4		—
Inventory	2.3		1.5
Other current assets	0.7		2.4
Property, plant and equipment, net	936.2		924.0
Equity method investments	241.3		257.0
Operating lease right-of-use assets	19.0		24.8
Goodwill	12.2		27.1
Intangible assets, net	343.0		364.8
Other non-current assets	14.2		16.4
Total assets	$	1,642.2	$	1,679.3
LIABILITIES AND DEFICIT
Accounts payable	$	26.3	$	57.4
Accounts payable to related parties	—		6.1
Current portion of long-term debt	30.0		15.0
Current portion of operating lease liabilities	6.7		8.0
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	27.6		19.7
Long-term debt	1,673.8		1,646.6
Asset retirement obligations	10.0		9.3
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	8.3		12.1
Other non-current liabilities	21.4		15.8
Deficit	(161.9)		(110.7)
Total liabilities and deficit	$	1,642.2	$	1,679.3

7. Equity Method Investments

Wink to Webster Pipeline

Through our wholly-owned direct subsidiary Delek Energy, we own a 50% investment in W2W Holdings LLC ("HoldCo") which was formed by us and MPLX Operations LLC ("MPLX") to obtain financing and fund capital calls associated with our collective and contributed interests in the Wink to Webster Pipeline LLC ("WWP") Joint Venture. The Company has determined that HoldCo is a VIE. While we have the ability to exert significant influence through participation in board and management committees, we are not the primary beneficiary since we do not have a controlling financial interest in HoldCo, and no single party has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact HoldCo's economic performance.

Distributions received from WWP are first applied to service the debt of HoldCo's wholly owned finance LLC, with excess distributions being


F-26 \|

made to the HoldCo members as provided for in the W2W Holdings LLC Agreement and as allowed for under its debt agreements. The obligations of the HoldCo members under the W2W Holdings LLC Agreement are guaranteed by the parents of the member entities.

As of December 31, 2023, except for the guarantee of member obligations under the joint venture, we do not have other guarantees with or to HoldCo, nor any third-party associated with HoldCo contracted work. The Company's maximum exposure to any losses incurred by HoldCo is limited to its investment.

On September 30, 2021 WWP made the decision to buy Delek out of the Midland Connector Financing Commitment Agreement which provided an interest-free commitment to fund us up to $65.0 million upon completion of a connector to connect the WWP long-haul pipeline to our Midland Gathering System, with repayment over 14 years. The buy-out totaled $27.5 million and represented the estimated incremental cost of capital to fund the $65.0 million in expenditures over a 14-year term, and enabled us to recover approximately $18.0 million of capital expenditures that we may not have incurred had it not been for the financing commitment, including approximately $6.6 million that was written off. As a result of the transaction, for the year ended December 31, 2021 we recognized $20.9 million of other non-operating income, representing the excess over recognized write-offs.

As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, Delek's HoldCo investment balance totaled $51.4 million and $49.0 million, respectively.

Delek Logistics Investments

Delek Logistics has a 33% membership interest in Red River Pipeline Company LLC (“Red River”), which owns a 16-inch crude oil pipeline running from Cushing, Oklahoma to Longview, Texas. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, Delek's investment balance in Red River totaled $141.1 million and $149.6 million, respectively.

In addition to Red River, Delek Logistics has two other pipeline joint ventures in which we own a 50% membership interest in the entity formed with an affiliate of Plains All American Pipeline, L.P. to operate one of these pipeline systems and a 33% membership interest in Andeavor Logistics Rio Pipeline LLC which operates the other pipeline system. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, Delek Logistics' investment balance in these joint ventures was $100.3 million and $107.4 million.

Other Investments

In addition to our pipeline joint ventures, we also have a 50% interest in a joint venture that owns asphalt terminals located in the southwestern region of the U.S., as well as a 50% interest in a joint venture that owns, operates and maintains a terminal consisting of an ethanol unit train facility with an ethanol tank in Arkansas. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, Delek's investment balance in these joint ventures was $67.9 million and $53.7 million, respectively.

8. Inventory

Crude oil feedstocks, refined products, blendstocks and asphalt inventory for all of our operations, excluding merchandise inventory in our retail segment, are stated at the lower of cost determined using the FIFO basis or net realizable value. Retail merchandise inventory consists of cigarettes, beer, convenience merchandise and food service merchandise and is stated at estimated cost as determined by the retail inventory method.

The following table presents the components of inventory for each period presented:


	Titled Inventory		Inventory Intermediation Agreement (1)		Total
December 31, 2023
Feedstocks, raw materials and supplies	$	250.2	$	116.9	$	367.1
Refined products and blendstock	278.6		304.8		583.4
Merchandise inventory and other	31.4		—		31.4
Total	$	560.2	$	421.7	$	981.9

December 31, 2022
Feedstocks, raw materials and supplies	$	479.7	$	163.8	$	643.5
Refined products and blendstock	490.8		354.8		845.6
Merchandise inventory and other	29.4		—		29.4
Total	$	999.9	$	518.6	$	1,518.5

(1) Refer to Note 9 - Inventory Intermediation Obligations for further information.


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At December 31, 2023, we recorded a pre-tax inventory valuation reserve of $11.6 million due to a market price decline below our cost of certain inventory products. At December 31, 2022, we recorded a pre-tax inventory valuation reserve of $11.2 million For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we recognized a net reduction (increase) in cost of materials and other in the accompanying consolidated statements of income related to the change in pre-tax inventory valuation of $(0.4) million, $(1.9) million and $(8.5) million, respectively.

9. Inventory Intermediation Obligations

The following table summarizes our outstanding obligations under our Inventory Intermediation Agreement and Supply and Offtake Agreements:


	As of December 31, 2023		As of December 31, 2022
Obligations under Inventory Intermediation Agreement
Obligations related to Base Layer Volumes	$	407.2	$	491.8
Current portion	0.4		49.9
Total obligations under Inventory Intermediation Agreement	$	407.6	$	541.7
Other (receivable) payable for monthly activity true-up	$	(9.3)	$	5.6
Obligations under Supply and Offtake Agreements





Other (receivable) payable for monthly activity true-up	$	—	$	(34.9)

Included in the Inventory Intermediation Agreement and Supply and Offtake Agreements are cost of financing associated with the value of the inventory and other periodic charges, which we include in interest expense, net in the consolidated statements of income. In addition to the cost of financing charges, we have other intermediation fees which include market structure settlements, where we may pay or receive amounts based on market conditions and volumes subject to the intermediation agreement. These market structure settlements are recorded in cost of materials and other in the consolidated statements of income. The following table summarizes these fees:


	Year Ended December 31,
		2023		2022		2021
Net fees and expenses:
Inventory intermediation fees		$	75.5	$	62.0	$	13.0
Interest expense, net		$	61.4	$	23.4	$	18.1

Inventory Intermediation Agreement

On December 22, 2022, Delek entered into the Inventory Intermediation Agreement with Citi in connection with DKTS, an indirect subsidiary of Delek. Pursuant to the Inventory Intermediation Agreement, Citi will (i) purchase from and sell to DKTS crude oil and other petroleum feedstocks in connection with refining processing operations at El Dorado, Big Spring, and Krotz Springs, (ii) purchase from and sell to DKTS all refined products produced by such refineries other than certain excluded products and (iii) in connection with such purchases and sales, DKTS will enter into certain market risk hedges in each case, on the terms and subject to certain conditions. The Inventory Intermediation Agreement results in up to $800 million of working capital capacity for DKTS.

On December 21, 2023, DKTS amended the Inventory Intermediation Agreement to among other things, (i) extend the term of the Inventory Intermediation Agreement from December 30, 2024 to January 31, 2026, (ii) reduce Citi’s unilateral term extension option from a twelve month extension period to a six month extension period and (iii) increase the amount of the payment deferral mechanism from $70 million to $250 million. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had letters of credit outstanding of $230.0 million and $115.0 million, respectively, supporting the Inventory Intermediation Agreement.

Prior to December 30, 2022, Delek had Supply and Offtake Agreements with J. Aron. The Inventory Intermediation Agreement replaced the Supply and Offtake Agreements that expired on December 30, 2022.

The Inventory Intermediation Agreement provides for the lease to Citi of crude oil and refined product storage facilities. At the inception of the Inventory Intermediation Agreement, we transferred title to a certain number of barrels of crude and other inventories to Citi, and the Inventory Intermediation Agreement requires the repurchase of the remaining inventory (including certain "Base Layer Volumes") at termination. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the volumes subject to the Inventory Intermediation Agreement totaled 5.4 million barrels and 6.3 million barrels, including Base Layer Volumes associated with our non-current inventory intermediation obligation of 5.5 million barrels.

The Inventory Intermediation Agreement is accounted for as an inventory financing arrangement under the fair value election provided by ASC 815 and ASC 825. Therefore, the crude oil and refined products barrels subject to the Inventory Intermediation Agreement will continue to be reported in our consolidated balance sheets until processed and sold to a third party. At each reporting period, we record a liability equal to the repurchase obligation to Citi at current market prices. The repurchase obligations associated with the Base Layer Volumes are reflected as non-current liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet to the extent that they are not contractually due within twelve months. The remaining obligation resulting from our monthly activity, including long and short inventory positions valued at market-indexed pricing, are included in current liabilities (or receivables) on our consolidated balance sheet.


F-28 \|

Gains (losses) related to changes in fair value due to commodity-index price are recorded as a component of cost of materials and other in the consolidated statements of income. With respect to the repurchase obligation, we recognized gains attributable to changes in fair value due to commodity-index price totaling $71.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. For the year ended December 31, 2022 there were no gains (losses) recognized due to the change in fair value.

Supply & Offtake Agreements

Prior to December 30, 2022, Delek was a party to Supply and Offtake Agreements with J. Aron in connection with its El Dorado, Big Spring and Krotz Springs refineries. Pursuant to the Supply and Offtake Agreements, (i) J. Aron agreed to sell to us, and we agreed to buy from J. Aron, at market prices, crude oil for processing at these refineries and (ii) we agreed to sell, and J. Aron agreed to buy, at market prices, certain refined products produced at these refineries. The repurchase of Baseline Volumes at the end of the Supply and Offtake Agreement term (representing the "Baseline Step-Out Liability" or, collectively, the "Baseline Step-Out Liabilities") continued to be recorded at fair value under the fair value election included under ASC 815 and ASC 825. The Baseline Step-Out Liabilities had a floating component whose fair value reflected changes to commodity price risk with changes in fair value recorded in cost of materials. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recognized gains in cost of materials and other attributable to changes in fair value due to commodity-index price totaling $63.0 million and $105.5 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, we had letters of credit outstanding of $70.0 million supporting the Supply and Offtake Agreements.

10. Long-Term Obligations

Outstanding borrowings under debt instruments are as follows (in millions):


	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Delek Revolving Credit Facility	$	—	$	450.0
Delek Term Loan Credit Facility	940.5		950.0
Delek Logistics Revolving Facility	780.5		720.5
Delek Logistics Term Loan Facility	281.3		300.0
Delek Logistics 2025 Notes	250.0		250.0
Delek Logistics 2028 Notes	400.0		400.0
United Community Bank Revolver	5.0		50.0
Principle amount of long-term debt	2,657.3		3,120.5
Less: Unamortized discount and deferred financing costs	(57.5)		(66.8)
Total debt, net of unamortized discount and deferred financing costs	2,599.8		3,053.7
Less: Current portion of long-term debt	44.5		74.5
Long-term debt, net of current portion	$	2,555.3	$	2,979.2

Delek Term Loan Credit Facility

On November 18, 2022, Delek entered into an amended and restated term loan credit agreement (the "Delek Term Loan Credit Facility") providing for a senior secured term loan facility in an initial principal of $950.0 million at a discount of 4.00%. This senior secured facility allows for $400.0 million in incremental loans subject to certain restrictions. Repayment terms include quarterly principal payments of $2.4 million with the balance of principal due on November 19, 2029. At Delek’s option, borrowings bear interest at either the Adjusted Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") or base rate as defined by the agreement, plus an applicable margin of 2.50% per annum with respect to base rate borrowings and 3.50% per annum with respect to SOFR borrowings. At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the weighted average borrowing rate was approximately 8.96% and 7.92%; respectively. The effective interest rate was 10.19% as of December 31, 2023.


F-29 \|

Delek Logistics Term Loan Facility

On October 13, 2022, Delek Logistics entered into senior secured term loan with an original principal of $300.0 million ("the Delek Logistics Term Loan Facility"). On November 6, 2023, Delek Logistics entered into a First Amendment, a Second Amendment and a Third Amendment to the Delek Logistics Credit Facility (together, the “Amendments”) to extend the maturity of the Delek Logistics Term Loan Facility to April 15, 2025. In addition, the Amendments added a maturity acceleration clause which will accelerate the maturity of the Delek Logistics Term Loan Facility to 180 days prior to the stated maturity date of the Delek Logistics 2025 Notes if any of the Delek Logistics 2025 Notes remain outstanding on that date. As of December 31, 2023, the Delek Logistics Term Facility was classified as long-term in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as Delek Logistics currently has the ability and intent to refinance the 2025 Notes on a long-term basis through available capacity under the Delek Logistics Revolving Facility and other funding sources. This senior secured facility required four quarterly amortization payments of $3.8 million in 2023, requires four quarterly amortization payments of $7.5 million in 2024 and one quarterly amortization payment of $7.5 million in 2025 with final maturity and principal due on April 15, 2025. At Delek Logistics' option, borrowings bear interest at either the SOFR or U.S. dollar prime rate, plus an applicable margin. The applicable margin is 2.50% for the first year and 3.00% for the second year for U.S. dollar primate rate borrowings. SOFR borrowings include a credit spread adjustment of 0.10% to 0.25% plus an applicable margin of 3.50% for the first year and 4.00% for the second year. At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the weighted average borrowing rate was approximately 9.46% and 7.92%, respectively. The effective interest rate was 9.93% as of December 31, 2023.

Revolving Credit Facilities

Available capacity and amounts outstanding for each of our revolving credit facilities as of December 31, 2023 are shown below (in millions):


	Total Capacity		Outstanding Borrowings		Outstanding Letters of Credit		Available Capacity		Maturity Date
Delek Revolving Credit Facility (1)	$	1,100.0	$	—	$	305.5	$	794.5	October 26, 2027
Delek Logistics Revolving Facility (2)	$	1,050.0	$	780.5	$	—	$	269.5	October 13, 2027
United Community Bank Revolver (3)	$	25.0	$	5.0	$	—	$	20.0	June 30, 2024

(1) Total capacity includes letters of credit up to $500.0 million. This facility requires a quarterly unused commitment fee based on average commitment usage, currently at 0.30% per annum. Interest is measured at either the SOFR, base rate, or Canadian dollar bankers’ acceptances rate (“CDOR”), plus an applicable margin of 0.25% to 0.75% per annum with respect to base rate borrowings or 1.25% to 1.75% per annum with respect to SOFR and CDOR. As of December 31, 2022, the weighted average interest rate was 5.67%.
(2) The Delek Logistics Revolving Facility's maturity date will accelerate to 180 days prior to the stated maturity date of the Delek Logistics 2025 Notes if any of the Delek Logistics 2025 Notes remain outstanding on that date. As of December 31, 2023, the Delek Logistics Revolving Facility was classified as long-term in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as Delek Logistics currently has the ability and intent to refinance the 2025 Notes on a long-term basis through available capacity under the Delek Logistics Revolving Facility and other funding sources. Total capacity includes letters of credit up to $115.0 million and $25.0 million for swing line loans. This facility requires a quarterly unused commitment fee based on average commitment usage, currently at 0.50% per annum. Interest is measured at either the U.S. dollar prime rate plus an applicable margin of 1.00% to 2.00% depending on Delek Logistics’ leverage ratio, or a SOFR rate plus a credit spread adjustment of 0.10% to 0.25% and an applicable margin ranging from 2.00% to 3.00% depending on the leverage ratio. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the weighted average interest rate was 8.46% and 7.55%, respectively.
(3) Interest is measured as a variable rate equal to the Wall Street Journal Prime Rate minus 0.75%. Requires a quarterly fee of 0.25% per year on the average unused revolving commitment. The weighted average borrowing rate as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was 7.75% and 6.75%, respectively.

Delek Logistics Revolving Credit Facility

On November 6, 2023, Delek Logistics entered into the Amendments which among other things: (i) increased the U.S. Revolving Credit Commitments (as defined in the Delek Logistics Credit Facility) by an amount equal to $150.0 million, resulting in aggregate lender commitments under the Delek Logistics Revolving Credit Facility in an amount of $1.050 billion and (ii) increased the limit allowed for general unsecured debt (as defined in the Delek Logistics Credit Facility) by an amount equal to $95.0 million, resulting in an unsecured general debt limit of $150.0 million.

United Community Bank Revolver

On June 9, 2023, we amended the United Community Bank Revolver to reduce commitments from $50.0 million to $25.0 million and extended the maturity date to June 30, 2024.

Delek Logistics 2025 Notes

In May 2018, Delek Logistics and Finance Corp. issued general unsecured senior obligations comprised of $250.0 million in aggregate principal of 6.75% senior notes maturing on May 15, 2025 ("the Delek Logistics 2025 Notes"). The Delek Logistics 2025 Notes are unconditionally guaranteed jointly and severally on a senior unsecured basis by Delek Logistics' existing subsidiaries (other than Finance Corp.) and will be unconditionally guaranteed on the same basis by certain of Delek Logistics' future subsidiaries. Interest is payable semi-annually in arrears on May 15 and November 15. As of December 31, 2023, the effective interest rate was 7.19%.

All of the Delek Logistics 2025 Notes are currently redeemable, subject to certain conditions and limitations, at a redemption price of 100.00% of the redeemed principal for the twelve-month period beginning on May 15, 2023 and thereafter, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any.


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In the event of a change of control, accompanied or followed by a ratings downgrade within a certain period of time, subject to certain conditions and limitations, the Issuers will be obligated to make an offer for the purchase of the Delek Logistics 2025 Notes from holders at a price equal to 101.00% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest.

Delek Logistics 2028 Notes

On May 24, 2021, Delek Logistics and Finance Corp. issued general unsecured senior obligations comprised of $400.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 7.125% senior notes maturing June 1, 2028 ("the Delek Logistics 2028 Notes"). The Delek Logistics 2028 Notes are unconditionally guaranteed jointly and severally on a senior unsecured basis by Delek Logistics’ subsidiaries (other than Finance Corp.) and will be unconditionally guaranteed on the same basis by certain of Delek Logistics’ future subsidiaries. Interest is payable semi-annually in arrears on June 1 and December 1. As of December 31, 2023, the effective interest rate was 7.39%.

At any time prior to June 1, 2024, the Co-issuers may redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the Delek Logistics 2028 Notes with the net cash proceeds of one or more equity offerings by Delek Logistics at a redemption price of 107.125% of the redeemed principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, subject to certain conditions and limitations. Prior to June 1, 2024, the Co-issuers may also redeem all or part of the Delek Logistics 2028 Notes at a redemption price of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, plus a "make whole" premium, subject to certain conditions and limitations. In addition, beginning on June 1, 2024, the Co-issuers may, subject to certain conditions and limitations, redeem all or part of the Delek Logistics 2028 Notes, at a redemption price of 103.563% of the redeemed principal for the twelve-month period beginning on June 1, 2024, 101.781% for the twelve-month period beginning on June 1, 2025, and 100.00% beginning on June 1, 2026 and thereafter, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any.

In the event of a change of control, accompanied or followed by a ratings downgrade within a certain period of time, subject to certain conditions and limitations, the Co-issuers will be obligated to make an offer for the purchase of the Delek Logistics 2028 Notes from holders at a price equal to 101.00% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest.

Guarantees Under Revolver and Term Facilities

The obligations of the borrowers under the Delek Term Loan Credit Facility and the Delek Revolving Credit Facility are guaranteed by Delek and each of its direct and indirect, existing and future, wholly-owned domestic subsidiaries, subject to customary exceptions and limitations, and excluding Delek Logistics Partners, LP, Delek Logistics GP, LLC, and each subsidiary of the foregoing (collectively, the "MLP Subsidiaries"). Borrowings under the Delek Term Loan Credit Facility and the Delek Revolving Credit Facility are also guaranteed by DK Canada Energy ULC, a British Columbia unlimited liability company and a wholly-owned restricted subsidiary of Delek.

The obligations under the Delek Logistics Revolving Facility and Term Loan Facility are secured by first priority liens on substantially all of Delek Logistics' tangible and intangible assets.

Restrictive Terms and Covenants

Under the terms of our debt facilities, we are required to comply with usual and customary financial and non-financial covenants. Certain of our debt facilities contain limitations on future transactions such as incurrence of additional indebtedness, investments, affiliate transactions, asset acquisitions or dispositions, and dividends or distributions. As of December 31, 2023, we were in compliance with covenants on all of our debt instruments.

Some of Delek's subsidiaries have restrictions in their respective credit facilities limiting their use of assets. As of December 31, 2023, we had no subsidiaries with restricted net assets which would prohibit earnings from being transferred to the parent company for its use.

Future Maturities

Principal maturities of Delek's third-party debt instruments for the next five years and thereafter are as follows (in millions):


Year Ended December 31,	Total
2024	$	44.5
2025	510.8
2026	9.5
2027	790.0
2028	409.5
Thereafter	893.0
Total	$	2,657.3


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11. Derivative Instruments

We use the majority of our derivatives to reduce normal operating and market risks with the primary objective of reducing the impact of market price volatility on our results of operations. As such, our use of derivative contracts is aimed at:

•limiting our exposure to commodity price fluctuations on inventory above or below target levels (where appropriate) within each of our segments;

•managing our exposure to commodity price risk associated with the purchase or sale of crude oil, feedstocks/intermediates and finished grade fuel within each of our segments;

•managing our exposure to market crack spread fluctuations;

•managing the cost of our RINs Obligation using future commitments to purchase or sell RINs at fixed prices and quantities; and

•limiting the exposure to interest rate fluctuations on our floating rate borrowings.

We primarily utilize commodity swaps, futures, forward contracts and options contracts, generally with maturity dates of three years or less, and from time to time interest rate swaps or caps to achieve these objectives. Futures contracts are standardized agreements, traded on a futures exchange, to buy or sell the commodity at a predetermined price and location at a specified future date. Options provide the right, but not the obligation to buy or sell a commodity at a specified price in the future. Commodity swaps and futures contracts require cash settlement for the commodity based on the difference between a fixed or floating price and the market price on the settlement date, and options require payment/receipt of an upfront premium. Because these derivatives are entered into to achieve objectives specifically related to our inventory and production risks, such gains and losses (to the extent not designated as accounting hedges and recognized on an unrealized basis in other comprehensive income) are recognized in cost of materials and other.

Forward contracts are agreements to buy or sell a commodity at a predetermined price at a specified future date, and for our transactions, generally require physical delivery. Forward contracts where the underlying commodity will be used or sold in the normal course of business qualify as NPNS pursuant to ASC 815. If we elect the NPNS exception, such forward contracts are not accounted for as derivative instruments but rather are accounted for under other applicable GAAP. Commodity forward contracts accounted for as derivative instruments are recorded at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings in the period of change. Our Canadian crude trading operations are accounted for as derivative instruments, and the related unrealized and realized gains and losses are recognized in other operating income, net on the consolidated statements of income. Additionally, as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023, other forward contracts accounted for as derivatives that are specific to managing crude costs rather than for trading purposes are recognized in cost of materials and other on the consolidated statements of income in our refining segment, and are included in our disclosures of commodity derivatives in the tables below.

Futures, swaps or other commodity related derivative instruments that are utilized to specifically provide economic hedges on our Canadian forward contract or investment positions are recognized in other operating income, net because that is where the related underlying transactions are reflected.

From time to time, we also enter into future commitments to purchase or sell RINs at fixed prices and quantities, which are used to manage the costs associated with our RINs Obligation. These future RINs commitment contracts meet the definition of derivative instruments under ASC 815, and are recorded at estimated fair value in accordance with the provisions of ASC 815. Changes in the fair value of these future RINs commitment contracts are recorded in cost of materials and other on the consolidated statements of income. As of December 31, 2023, we do not believe there is any material credit risk with respect to the counterparties to any of our derivative contracts.

The following table presents the fair value of our derivative instruments as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The fair value amounts below are presented on a gross basis and do not reflect the netting of asset and liability positions permitted under our master netting arrangements, including cash collateral on deposit with our counterparties. We have elected to offset the recognized fair value amounts for multiple derivative instruments executed with the same counterparty in our financial statements. As a result, the asset and liability amounts below differ from the amounts presented in our consolidated balance sheets. See Note 12 for further information regarding the fair value of derivative instruments (in millions).


		December 31, 2023				December 31, 2022
Derivative Type	Balance Sheet Location	Assets		Liabilities		Assets		Liabilities
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Commodity derivatives (1)	Other current assets	$	6.6	$	(7.1)	$	217.1	$	(204.4)
Commodity derivatives (1)	Other current liabilities	—		(0.8)		101.0		(129.5)
Commodity derivatives (1)	Other long-term assets	—		—		1.1		(0.8)

RINs commitment contracts (2)	Other current assets	—		—		9.7		—
RINs commitment contracts (2)	Other current liabilities	—		(3.1)		—		(6.6)
Total gross fair value of derivatives		6.6		(11.0)		328.9		(341.3)
Less: Counterparty netting and cash collateral (3)		5.3		(7.1)		306.2		(320.0)
Total net fair value of derivatives		$	1.3	$	(3.9)	$	22.7	$	(21.3)


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(1)As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had open derivative positions representing 55,336,870 and 154,263,020 barrels, respectively, of crude oil and refined petroleum products. Additionally, as of December 31, 2022, we had open derivative positions representing 2,310,000 million British Thermal Units ("MMBTU"), respectively, of natural gas products. We had no open derivative positions of natural gas products as of December 31, 2023.

(2)As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had open RINs commitment contracts representing 41,636,461 and 259,022,967 RINs, respectively.

(3)As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, $1.8 million and $13.8 million, respectively, of cash collateral held by counterparties has been netted with the derivatives with each counterparty.

Total gains (losses) on our non-trading commodity derivatives and RINs commitment contracts recorded in the consolidated statements of income are as follows (in millions) (2):


	Year Ended December 31,
		2023		2022		2021
Gains (losses) on hedging derivatives not designated as hedging instruments recognized in cost of materials and other (1)		$	(68.6)	$	(38.0)	$	37.7
Gains (losses) on non-trading physical forward contract commodity derivatives in cost of materials and other		(2.4)		9.0		(6.6)
Losses on hedging derivatives not designated as hedging instruments recognized in operating expenses		—		(1.7)		—
Realized gains reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income and into cost of materials and other on commodity derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments		—		—		0.2

Total gains (losses)		$	(71.0)	$	(30.7)	$	31.3

(1) Gains (losses) on commodity derivatives that are economic hedges but not designated as hedging instruments include unrealized (losses) gains of $(15.3) million, $(15.4) million and $7.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(2) See separate table below for disclosures about "trading derivatives."

Total gains (losses) on our trading derivatives (none of which were designated as hedging instruments) recorded in other operating (income) expense, net on the consolidated statements of income are as follows (in millions):


	Year Ended December 31,
		2023		2022		2021

Trading Physical Forward Contract Commodity Derivatives
Realized gains		$	8.3	$	16.1	$	6.5
Unrealized gains (losses)		0.2		(0.4)		—
Total		$	8.5	$	15.7	$	6.5

Trading Hedging Commodity Derivatives
Realized (losses) gains		$	(1.9)	$	13.5	$	3.3
Unrealized gains (losses)		2.3		(18.5)		16.2
Total		$	0.4	$	(5.0)	$	19.5

12. Fair Value Measurements

Our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value include commodity derivatives, investment commodities, environmental credits obligations, our Inventory Intermediation Agreement, and Supply and Offtake Agreements. ASC 820 requires disclosures that categorize assets and liabilities measured at fair value into one of three different levels depending on the observability of the inputs employed in the measurement. Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 inputs are observable inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through market-corroborated inputs. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability reflecting our assumptions about pricing by market participants.

Our commodity derivative contracts, which consist of commodity swaps, exchange-traded futures, options and physical commodity forward purchase and sale contracts (that do not qualify for the NPNS exception under ASC 815), are valued based on exchange pricing and/or price index developers such as Platts or Argus and are, therefore, classified as Level 2.


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Our RINs commitment contracts are future commitments to purchase or sell RINs at fixed prices and quantities, which are used to manage the costs associated with our Consolidated Net RINs Obligation. These RINs commitment contracts (which are forward contracts accounted for as derivatives – see Note 11) are categorized as Level 2, and are measured at fair value based on quoted prices from an independent pricing service.

Our environmental credits obligation includes the Consolidated Net RINs Obligation, as well as other environmental credit obligation positions subject to fair value accounting pursuant to our accounting policy (see Note 2). The environmental credits obligation is categorized as Level 2, if measured at fair value either directly through observable inputs or indirectly through market-corroborated inputs, and gains (losses) related to changes in fair value are recorded as a component of cost of materials and other in the consolidated statements of income. With respect to our Consolidated Net RINs Obligation, we recognized losses on changes in fair value totaling $(1.8) million and $(61.2) million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, primarily attributable to changes in the market prices of the underlying credits that occurred at the end of each quarter. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized gains (losses) on changes in fair value totaling $(44.5) million, which was attributable to changes in estimated volume requirements related to the 2021 RINs Obligation to reflect the December 2021 Proposed EPA Rule (where a rule regarding 2021 requirements had not been previously enacted) as well as to quarterly changes in the market prices of the underlying credits.

As of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we elected to account for our Inventory Intermediation step-out liability and our J. Aron step-out liability at fair value in accordance with ASC 825, as it pertains to the fair value option. This standard permits the election to carry financial instruments and certain other items similar to financial instruments at fair value on the balance sheet, with all changes in fair value reported in earnings. With respect to the Inventory Intermediation Agreement and the amended and restated Supply and Offtake Agreements, we apply fair value measurement as follows: (1) we determine fair value for our amended variable step-out liability based on changes in fair value related to market volatility based on a floating commodity-index price, and for our amended fixed step-out liability based on changes to interest rates and the timing and amount of expected future cash settlements where such obligation is categorized as Level 2. Gains (losses) related to changes in fair value due to commodity-index price are recorded as a component of cost of materials and other, and changes in fair value due to interest rate risk are recorded as a component of interest expense in the consolidated statements of income; and (2) we determine fair value of the commodity-indexed revolving over/short inventory financing liability based on the market prices for the consigned crude oil and refined products collateralizing the financing/funding where such obligation is categorized as Level 2 and is presented in the current portion of the obligation under Inventory Intermediation Agreement on our consolidated balance sheets. Gains (losses) related to the change in fair value are recorded as a component of cost of materials and other in the consolidated statements of income. See Note 9 for discussion of gains and losses recognized from changes in fair value.

The fair value of the Delek Logistics 2028 Notes is measured based on quoted market prices in an active market, defined as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy. The carrying value (excluding unamortized debt issuance costs) and estimated fair value of these notes was $400.0 million and $380.4 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2023, and $400.0 million and $359.7 million, respectively, at December 31, 2022.


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The fair value approximates the historical or amortized cost basis comprising our carrying value for all other financial instruments and therefore are not included in the table below. The fair value hierarchy for our financial assets and liabilities accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis was as follows (in millions):


	As of December 31, 2023
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Commodity derivatives	$	—	$	6.6	$	—	$	6.6

RINs commitment contracts	—		—		—		—


Total assets	—		6.6		—		6.6
Liabilities

Commodity derivatives	—		(7.9)		—		(7.9)
RINs commitment contracts	—		(3.1)		—		(3.1)
Environmental credits obligation deficit	—		(39.6)		—		(39.6)
Inventory Intermediation Agreement obligation	—		(407.6)		—		(407.6)
Total liabilities	—		(458.2)		—		(458.2)
Net liabilities	$	—	$	(451.6)	$	—	$	(451.6)


	As of December 31, 2022
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Commodity derivatives	$	—	$	319.2	$	—	$	319.2

RINs commitment contracts	—		9.7		—		9.7

Total assets	—		328.9		—		328.9
Liabilities
Commodity derivatives	—		(334.7)		—		(334.7)

RINs commitment contracts	—		(6.6)		—		(6.6)
Environmental credits obligation deficit	—		(295.5)		—		(295.5)
Inventory Intermediation Agreement obligation	—		(541.7)		—		(541.7)
Total liabilities	—		(1,178.5)		—		(1,178.5)
Net liabilities	$	—	$	(849.6)	$	—	$	(849.6)

The derivative values above are based on analysis of each contract as the fundamental unit of account as required by ASC 820. In the table above, derivative assets and liabilities with the same counterparty are not netted where the legal right of offset exists. This differs from the presentation in the financial statements which reflects our policy, wherein we have elected to offset the fair value amounts recognized for multiple derivative instruments executed with the same counterparty and where the legal right of offset exists. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, $1.8 million and $13.8 million, respectively, of cash collateral was held by counterparty brokerage firms and has been netted with the net derivative positions with each counterparty. See Note 11 for further information regarding derivative instruments.

Non-Recurring Fair Value Measurements

The Delaware Gathering Acquisition was accounted for as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting, with the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their respective acquisition date fair values at the closing date. The fair value measurements were based on a combination of valuation methods including discounted cash flows, the market approach and obsolescence adjusted replacement costs, all of which are Level 3 inputs. See Note 3 for further information.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized goodwill impairment based on fair value measurements utilized during our goodwill impairment testing. The fair value measurements were based on a combination of valuation methods including discounted cash flows, the guideline public company and guideline transaction methods, all of which are Level 3 inputs. See Note 16 for further information.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized right-of-use asset impairment based on fair value measurements utilized during our impairment testing. The fair value measurements were based on a combination of valuation methods including discounted cash flows, which includes estimates and assumptions for future sublease rental rates that reflect current sublease market conditions, as well as a discount rate, both of which are Level 3 inputs. See Note 23 for further information.


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13. Commitments and Contingencies

Litigation

In the ordinary conduct of our business, we are from time to time subject to lawsuits, investigations and claims, including environmental claims and employee-related matters. Although we cannot predict with certainty the ultimate resolution of lawsuits, investigations and claims asserted against us, including civil penalties or other enforcement actions, we do not believe that any currently pending legal proceeding or proceedings to which we are a party will have a material adverse effect on our financial statements. Certain environmental matters that have or may result in penalties or assessments are discussed below in the "Environmental, Health and Safety" section of this note.

Environmental, Health and Safety

We are subject to extensive federal, state and local environmental and safety laws and regulations enforced by various agencies, including the EPA, the U.S. Department of Transportation and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, as well as numerous state, regional and local environmental, safety and pipeline agencies. These laws and regulations govern the discharge of materials into the environment, waste management practices, pollution prevention measures and the composition of the fuels we produce, as well as the safe operation of our plants and pipelines and the safety of our workers and the public. Numerous permits or other authorizations are required under these laws and regulations for the operation of our refineries, renewable fuels facilities, terminals, pipelines, underground storage tanks, trucks, rail cars and related operations, and may be subject to revocation, modification and renewal.

These laws and permits raise potential exposure to future claims and lawsuits involving environmental and safety matters which could include soil and water contamination, air pollution, personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by substances which we manufactured, handled, used, released or disposed of, transported, or that relate to pre-existing conditions for which we have assumed responsibility. We believe that our current operations are in substantial compliance with existing environmental and safety requirements. However, there have been and will continue to be ongoing discussions about environmental and safety matters between us and federal and state authorities, including notices of violations, citations and other enforcement actions, some of which have resulted or may result in changes to operating procedures and in capital expenditures. While it is often difficult to quantify future environmental or safety related expenditures, we anticipate that continuing capital investments and changes in operating procedures will be required for the foreseeable future to comply with existing and new requirements, as well as evolving interpretations and more strict enforcement of existing laws and regulations.

As of December 31, 2023, we have recorded an environmental liability of approximately $113.9 million, primarily related to the estimated probable costs of remediating or otherwise addressing certain environmental issues of a non-capital nature at our refineries, as well as terminals, some of which we no longer own. This liability includes estimated costs for ongoing investigation and remediation efforts for known contamination of soil and groundwater. Approximately $3.0 million of the total liability is expected to be expended over the next 12 months, with most of the balance expended by 2032, although some costs may extend up to 30 years. In the future, we could be required to extend the expected remediation period or undertake additional investigations of our refineries, pipelines and terminal facilities, which could result in the recognition of additional remediation liabilities.

Included in our environmental liabilities as of both December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is a liability totaling $78.5 million related to a property that we have historically operated as an asphalt and marine fuel terminal both as an owner and, subsequently, as a lessee under an in-substance lease agreement (the “License Agreement”). The License Agreement, which provided us the license to continue operating our asphalt and marine fuel terminal operations on the property for a term of ten years and expired in June 2020, also ascribed a contractual noncontingent indemnification guarantee to certain of our wholly-owned subsidiaries related to certain incremental environmental remediation activities, predicated on the completion of certain property development activities ascribed to the lessor. Our combined liability, comprised of our environmental liability plus the estimated fair value of the noncontingent guarantee liability, was recorded in connection with the Delek/Alon Merger, effective July 1, 2017. While the License Agreement expired in June 2020, it is currently being disputed in litigation where we have determined that no loss accrual is necessary and that the amount of incremental loss that is reasonably possible is immaterial as of December 31, 2023. Such ongoing dispute causes sufficient uncertainty around the release of risk and the appropriate joint and several liability allocations thereunder that we cannot currently determine a more reasonable estimate of the potential total contingent liability that is probable, nor do we have sufficient information to better estimate the fair value of any remaining noncontingent guarantee liability. As such, as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, except for accretion and expenditures, our combined environmental liability related to the terminal and property remained unchanged.

Environmental liabilities with payments that are fixed or reliably determinable have been discounted to present value at various rates depending on their expected payment stream. These discount rates vary from 1.51% to 2.84%. The table below summaries our environmental liability accruals (in millions):


	December 31,
	2023		2022
Discounted environmental liabilities	$	36.0	$	36.7
Undiscounted environmental liabilities	77.9		77.9
Total accrued environmental liabilities	$	113.9	$	114.6


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As of December 31, 2023, the estimated future payments of environmental obligations for which discounts have been applied are as follows (in millions):


2024	$	1.5
2025	1.5
2026	1.6
2027	1.6
2028	1.6
Thereafter	31.2
Discounted environmental liabilities, gross	39.0
Less: Discount applied	3.0
Discounted environmental liabilities	$	36.0

We are also subject to various regulatory requirements related to carbon emissions and the compliance requirements to remit environmental credit obligations due to the EPA or other regulatory agencies, the most significant of which relates to the RINs Obligation subject to the EPA’s RFS-2 regulations (See Note 2 for further discussion). The RFS-2 regulations are highly complex and evolving, requiring us to periodically update our compliance systems. As part of our on-going monitoring and compliance efforts, on an annual basis, we engage a third party to perform procedures to review our RINs inventory, processes and compliance. The results of such procedures may include procedural findings but may also include findings regarding the usage of RINs to meet past obligations, the treatment of exported RINs, and the propriety of RINs on-hand and related adjustments to our RINs inventory, which (to the extent they are valued) offset our RINs Obligation. Such adjustments may also require communication with the EPA if they involve reportable non-compliance which could lead to the assessment of penalties. Based on management’s review completed during the second quarter 2021, we recorded a RINs inventory true-up adjustment totaling $(12.3) million which increased our recorded RINs Obligation. We have also self-reported our related instances of non-compliance to the EPA, and while we cannot yet estimate the extent of penalties that may be assessed, it is not expected to be material in relation to our total RINs Obligation.

In June 2022, the EPA finalized volumes for compliance years 2021 and 2022 under the RFS program, announced supplemental volume obligations for compliance years 2022 and 2023 and established new provisions of the RFS which addressed bio-intermediates. Additionally, the EPA denied the petitions for small refinery exemptions for prior period compliance years. In July 2023, the EPA announced final volume obligations for compliance years 2023, 2024 and 2025.

Other Losses and Contingencies

Delek maintains property damage insurance policies which have varying deductibles. Delek also maintains business interruption insurance policies, with varying coverage limits and waiting periods. Covered losses in excess of the deductible and outside of the waiting period will be recoverable under the property and business interruption insurance policies.

El Dorado Refinery Fire

On February 27, 2021, our El Dorado refinery experienced a fire in its Penex unit. Contrary to initial assessments, and despite occurring during the early stages of turnaround activity, the facility did suffer operational disruptions as a result of the fire. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we incurred workers' compensation losses of $3.8 million associated with the fire and accrued an additional $4.0 million for litigation, claims and assessments associated with the fire and in excess of insurance coverage, which are included in operating expenses in the consolidated statements of income. Additionally, we recognized accelerated depreciation of $1.0 million due to property damaged in the fire, which was recovered during 2021. An additional $7.4 million was recognized as a gain, in excess of these losses, during the year ended December 31, 2021. No expense was recorded related to the El Dorado refinery fire during the year ended December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded an additional $8.7 million for litigation, claims and assessments associated with the fire and are in excess of insurance coverage, which are included in operating expenses in the consolidated statements of income. In October 2023, we entered into a settlement agreement with six employees who were injured in the fire. Net impact to us after considering insurance coverage is approximately $10.0 million.

In addition, during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we recognized a gain of $1.1 million, $9.1 million and $8.8 million, respectively, related to business interruption claims. Such gain is included in insurance proceeds in the consolidated statements of income. If applicable, we accrue receivables for probable insurance or other third-party recoveries. Work to determine the full extent of covered business interruption and property and casualty losses and potential insurance claims is ongoing and may result in the future recognition of insurance recoveries.


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Big Spring Refinery Fire

On November 29, 2022, our Big Spring refinery experienced a fire in its diesel hydrotreater unit. The facility suffered operational disruptions as a result of the fire. Accelerated depreciation due to property damaged in the fire was immaterial. We incurred repair costs that may be recoverable under property and casualty insurance policies and we submitted a claim in 2023. We recognized accelerated depreciation in 2022 due to property damaged in the fire, which was recovered during the year ended December 31, 2023. An additional $6.5 million was recognized as a gain, in excess of these losses, during the year ended December 31, 2023. This gain is included in insurance proceeds in the consolidated statements of income. If applicable, we accrue receivables for probable insurance or other third-party recoveries. Work to determine the full extent of covered property losses and potential insurance claims is ongoing and may result in the future recognition of insurance recoveries.

Winter Storm Uri

During February 2021, we experienced a severe weather event ("Winter Storm Uri") which temporarily impacted operations at all of our refineries. Due to the extreme freezing conditions, we experienced reduced throughputs at our refineries as there was a disruption in the crude supply, as well as damages to various units at our refineries requiring additional operating and capital expenditures. We recognized additional operating expenses in the amount of $17.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 due to property damaged in the freeze which was recovered during 2021. An additional $3.8 million and $5.0 million was recognized as a gain, in excess of these losses during the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2021, respectively. In addition, during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we also recognized a gain of $8.9 million, $22.0 million and $1.1 million, respectively, related to business interruption claims. Such gain is included in insurance proceeds in the consolidated statements of income. If applicable, we accrue receivables for probable insurance or other third-party recoveries. Work to determine the full extent of covered business interruption and property and casualty losses and potential insurance claims is ongoing and may result in additional future recognition of insurance recoveries.

Crude Oil and Other Releases

We have experienced several crude oil and other releases involving our assets. There were no material releases that occurred during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. For releases that occurred in prior years, we have received regulatory closure or a majority of the cleanup and remediation efforts are substantially complete. We do not anticipate material costs associated with any fines or penalties or to complete activities that may be needed to achieve regulatory closure. Expenses incurred for the remediation of these crude oil and other releases are included in operating expenses in our consolidated statements of income.

Asset Retirement Obligations

The reconciliation of the beginning and ending carrying amounts of asset retirement obligations is as follows (in millions):


	December 31,
	2023		2022
Beginning balance	$	41.8	$	38.3
Liabilities identified	—		2.3
Liabilities settled	—		(0.1)
Accretion expense	1.5		1.3
Ending balance	$	43.3	$	41.8

14. Income Taxes

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes.

Significant components of Delek's deferred tax assets (liabilities) reported in the accompanying consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows (in millions):


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	December 31,
	2023		2022







Non-Current Deferred Taxes:
Property, plant and equipment, and intangibles	$	(266.2)	$	(256.4)
Right-of-use asset	(32.8)		(38.7)
Partnership and equity investments	(196.7)		(189.1)
Total deferred tax liabilities	(495.7)		(484.2)
Interest expense limitation under 163j	71.6		24.4
Compensation and employee benefits	16.6		20.5
Net operating loss carryforwards	125.7		147.6
Tax credit carryforwards	5.8		6.3
Deferred revenues	18.7		20.0
Lease obligation	37.7		38.1
Reserves and accruals	34.7		32.1
Derivatives and hedging	1.4		3.2
Inventories	2.7		2.6

Total deferred tax assets	314.9		294.8
Valuation allowance	(83.3)		(73.0)
Total net deferred tax liabilities (1)	$	(264.1)	$	(262.4)

(1) Total net deferred tax liabilities includes $4.1 million of state deferred tax assets recorded in other non-current assets in our consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2022 and none for December 31, 2023.

The difference between the actual income tax expense and the tax expense computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to income was attributable to the following (in millions):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Provision (benefit) for federal income taxes at statutory rate	$	10.9	$	74.4	$	(28.4)
State income tax benefit, net of federal tax provision	(3.2)		(15.0)		(1.9)
Income tax benefit attributable to non-controlling interest	(6.4)		(7.2)		(7.1)
Tax credits and incentives (1)	(9.5)		(7.1)		(8.6)


Changes in valuation allowance	10.3		14.0		4.0
Revaluation related to state legislative changes	(2.5)		—		—
Impact of stock compensation	1.6		0.9		1.6
Impact of officer's compensation	3.2		3.2		1.1
Other items	0.7		0.7		(2.7)
Income tax expense (benefit)	$	5.1	$	63.9	$	(42.0)

(1) Tax credits and incentives include work opportunity and research and development credits, as well as incentives for the Company’s biodiesel blending operations.

Income tax expense (benefit) was as follows (in millions):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Current	$	6.7	$	2.3	$	(3.1)
Deferred	(1.6)		61.6		(38.9)
	$	5.1	$	63.9	$	(42.0)

We carry valuation allowances against certain state deferred tax assets and net operating losses that may not be recoverable with future taxable income. We also carry valuation allowances related to basis differences that may not be recoverable. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recorded an increase to the valuation allowance of $10.3 million and $14.0 million, respectively. The 2023 increase in the valuation allowance was primarily driven by changes in state attributes, whereas in 2022 the increase in the valuation allowance was primarily driven by changes in state attributes due to a legal entity restructuring that occurred during the fourth quarter of 2022.


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In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. Based upon the level of historical taxable income and projections for future taxable income over the periods for which the deferred tax assets are deductible, management believes it is more likely than not Delek will realize the benefits of these deductible differences, net of the existing valuation allowance. The amount of the deferred tax assets considered realizable, however, could be reduced in the near term if estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward period are reduced. Subsequently recognized tax benefit or expense relating to the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets will be reported as an income tax benefit or expense in the consolidated statement of income.

Federal net operating loss and credit carryforwards at December 31, 2023 totaled $213.3 million and $3.2 million, respectively, a portion of which are subject to a valuation allowance. Federal net operating losses have an indefinite carryforward life, and federal tax credit carryforwards will begin expiring in 2028. State net operating loss and credit carryforwards at December 31, 2023 totaled $1,761.6 million and $2.3 million, respectively, a portion of which are subject to a valuation allowance. State net operating losses and tax credit carryforwards will begin expiring in 2024.

Delek files a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return, as well as income tax returns in various state jurisdictions. Delek is no longer subject to U.S. federal income tax examinations by tax authorities for years through 2013. Pre-acquisition tax returns for Alon are closed for U.S. federal income tax examinations through the tax year ended December 31, 2016 as of December 31, 2023. On January 18, 2023, the Company received notice that the Congressional Joint Committee has completed its consideration of both Delek and Alon's income tax returns for 2016-2020 with no material adjustments identified. Alon USA Partners, LP is currently under audit by the IRS for tax year 2019. Delek is currently under audit in various states for tax years 2016 through 2019. No material adjustments have been identified at this time.

ASC 740 provides a recognition threshold and guidance for measurement of income tax positions taken or expected to be taken on a tax return. ASC 740 requires the elimination of the income tax benefits associated with any income tax position where it is not "more likely than not" that the position would be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities.

Increases and decreases to unrecognized tax benefits, which includes interest and penalties, were as follows (in millions):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Balance at the beginning of the year	$	7.0	$	14.1	$	9.6
Additions based on tax positions related to current year	4.3		0.9		4.2
Additions for tax positions related to prior years and acquisitions	0.2		0.1		1.7
Reductions for tax positions related to prior years	(0.2)		(6.5)		(0.3)
Reductions for tax positions related to lapse of applicable statute of limitations	(0.4)		(0.4)		(1.1)
Reductions for tax positions related to settlements with taxing authorities	—		(1.2)		—
Balance at the end of the year	$	10.9	$	7.0	$	14.1

The amount of the unrecognized benefit above, that if recognized would change the effective tax rate, is $6.1 million and $6.1 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company expects $4.0 million of the 2023 ending reserve to no longer be uncertain and rolled out of the reserve within the next twelve months.

Delek recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as an adjustment to the current provision for income taxes. We recognized interest expense of $0.2 million, $0.1 million, and $0.3 million related to unrecognized tax benefits during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The total recognized liability for interest was $1.3 million and $1.3 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Uncertain tax positions have been examined by Delek for any material changes in the next 12 months, and no material changes are expected.


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15. Related Party Transactions

Our related party transactions consist primarily of transactions with our equity method investees (See Note 7). Transactions with our related parties were as follows for the periods presented (in millions):


	Year Ended December 31,
		2023		2022		2021
Revenues (1)		$	105.2	$	98.7	$	71.4
Cost of materials and other (2)		$	197.5	$	117.4	$	50.6

(1)Consists primarily of asphalt sales which are recorded in corporate, other and eliminations segment.

(2)Consists primarily of pipeline throughput fees paid by the refining segment and asphalt purchases.

16. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the aggregate purchase price over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired and is not amortized. Delek performs an annual assessment of whether goodwill retains its value. This assessment is done more frequently if indicators of potential impairment exist. We performed our annual goodwill impairment review in the fourth quarter of 2023, 2022 and 2021. This review was performed at the reporting unit level, which is at or one level below our operating segment. For a quantitative assessment, we estimated the value of each of our reporting units using a discounted cash flows ("DCF") analysis and a multiple of expected future cash flows, such as those used by third-party analysts. The DCF analysis included a market participant weighted average cost of capital, forecasted crack spreads, future volumes, gross margin, capital expenditures, and long-term growth rate based on historical information and our best estimate of future forecasts. The market approach involves significant judgment, including selection of an appropriate peer group, selection of valuation multiples, and determination of the appropriate weighting in our valuation model.

With respect to the goodwill associated with the reporting units within the logistics segment, we performed a quantitative assessment for our Delaware Gathering reporting unit and a qualitative assessment for our other reporting units. Our 2023 testing of goodwill did not identify any impairments other than our Delaware Gathering reporting unit, which reported a goodwill impairment charge of $14.8 million. The impairment was primarily driven by the significant increases in interest rates and timing of system connections with our producer customers. We performed a qualitative assessment in 2022 and 2021 for the reporting units within the logistics segment.

With respect to the goodwill associated with the reporting units within the refining and retail segments, we performed a qualitative assessment in 2023 and 2022 and a quantitative assessment in 2021.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the annual impairment review resulted in an impairment charge of $14.8 million, which is included in asset impairment in the consolidated statements of income. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, there was no goodwill impairment charge.

A summary of our goodwill by segment is as follows (in millions):


		Refining		Logistics		Retail		Corporate, Other and Eliminations		Total
Gross goodwill balance		$	801.3	$	12.2	$	42.2	$	—	$	855.7
Accumulated impairment losses		(126.0)				—		—		(126.0)
Balance,	December 31, 2021	675.3		12.2		42.2		—		729.7
Acquisition		—		14.8		—		—		14.8

Write-off goodwill associated with stores sold		—		—		(0.2)		—		(0.2)
Gross goodwill balance		801.3		27.0		42.0		—		870.3
Accumulated impairment losses		(126.0)		—		—		—		(126.0)
Balance,	December 31, 2022	675.3		27.0		42.0		—		744.3


Goodwill Impairment		—		(14.8)		—		—		(14.8)
Gross goodwill balance		801.3		27.0		41.9		—		870.2
Accumulated impairment losses		(126.0)		(14.8)		—		—		(140.8)
Balance,	December 31, 2023	$	675.3	$	12.2	$	41.9	$	—	$	729.4


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Intangibles

A summary of our identifiable intangible assets are as follows (in millions):


	As of December 31, 2023							As of December 31, 2022
	Useful Life	Gross		Accumulated Amortization		Net		Gross		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Intangible Assets subject to amortization:

Third-party fuel supply agreement	10 years	$	49.0	$	(31.8)	$	17.2	$	49.0	$	(26.9)	$	22.1
Fuel trade name	5 years	4.0		(4.0)		—		4.0		(4.0)		—
Rights-of-way	8 - 35 years	15.0		(1.1)		13.9		13.5		(0.4)		13.1
Customer relationships	11.6 years	210.0		(28.7)		181.3		210.0		(10.6)		199.4
Intangible assets not subject to amortization:
Rights-of-way	Indefinite	61.2				61.2		58.4				58.4
Line space history	Indefinite	12.0				12.0		12.0				12.0
Liquor licenses	Indefinite	8.5				8.5		8.5				8.5
Refinery permits	Indefinite	2.1				2.1		2.1				2.1
Total		$	361.8	$	(65.6)	$	296.2	$	357.5	$	(41.9)	$	315.6

Amortization of intangible assets was $23.7 million, $16.2 million and $5.7 million during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and is included in depreciation and amortization on the accompanying consolidated statements of income.

Amortization expense for the next five years is estimated to be as follows (in millions):


2024	$	23.6
2025	$	23.6
2026	$	23.7
2027	$	21.2
2028	$	18.8

17. Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment, at cost, consist of the following (in millions):


	December 31,
	2023		2022
Land	$	61.8	$	60.0
Building and building improvements	129.1		110.4
Refinery machinery and equipment	2,260.1		2,095.4
Pipelines and terminals	1,224.8		1,103.9
Retail store equipment and site improvements	96.5		77.8
Refinery turnaround costs	538.8		485.3
Other equipment	187.8		169.4
Construction in progress	191.8		246.8
	$	4,690.7	$	4,349.0
Less: accumulated depreciation	(1,845.5)		(1,572.6)
	$	2,845.2	$	2,776.4

Depreciation of property, plant and equipment assets was $326.6 million, $272.0 million and $257.2 million during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and is included in depreciation and amortization on the accompanying consolidated statements of income.


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18. Other Current Assets and Liabilities

The detail of other current assets is as follows (in millions):


Other Current Assets	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Prepaid expenses	$	47.8	$	45.4
Income and other tax receivables	15.5		20.9
Investment commodities	4.0		29.8
Short-term derivative assets (see Note 11)	1.3		22.4



Other	9.6		4.2
Total	$	78.2	$	122.7

The detail of accrued expenses and other current liabilities is as follows (in millions):


Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Product financing agreements	$	224.2	$	258.0

Crude purchase liabilities	190.7		268.7
Income and other taxes payable	166.9		120.4
Employee costs	67.0		91.2
Consolidated Net RINs Obligation deficit (see Note 12)	39.6		295.5
Deferred revenue	16.0		44.6
Short-term derivative liabilities (see Note 11)	3.9		21.3
Other	62.9		67.1
Total	$	771.2	$	1,166.8

19. Restructuring and Other Charges

During the fiscal year 2022, we initiated a cost optimization plan to improve efficiencies and align our workforce with strategic activities and operations. The recorded costs include an accrual of $0.9 million and $9.9 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

During the fourth quarter of 2023, Delek determined that leased crude oil tanks in Canada were not needed to support the future growth of its business. The exit of these leased crude oil tanks are intended to align with our continued operational and cost optimization efforts. We have the ability and intent to sublease these crude oil tanks for the remainder of the respective lease terms, however, the expected sublease has a lower rate than the head lease, resulting in a right-of-use asset impairment of $23.1 million.

We anticipate concluding our restructuring activities by the end of fiscal year 2024. Future cost estimates for these initiatives are continuing to be developed.

The detail of restructuring costs is as follows (in millions):


(In millions)		Year Ended December 31, 2023
Type of Costs	Statement of Income Location	Refining		Logistics		Retail		Corporate, Other and Eliminations		Consolidated
Consulting fees and severance costs	General and administrative expenses	$	0.3	$	0.4	$	—	$	12.8	$	13.5
Other	Cost of materials and other	1.2		—		—		—		1.2
Impairment	Asset impairment	—		—		—		23.1		23.1
Total		$	1.5	$	0.4	$	—	$	35.9	$	37.8


(In millions)		Year Ended December 31, 2022
Type of Costs	Statement of Income Location	Refining		Logistics		Retail		Corporate, Other and Eliminations		Consolidated
Consulting fees and severance costs	General and administrative expenses	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	12.5	$	12.5
Total		$	—	$	—	$	—	$	12.5	$	12.5


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20. Equity-Based Compensation

Delek US Holdings, Inc. 2006 Long-Term Incentive Plan

The Delek US Holdings, Inc. 2006 Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended (the "2006 Plan"), allowed Delek to grant stock options, SARs, RSUs, PRSUs, and other stock-based awards of up to 5,053,392 shares of Delek's common stock to certain directors, officers, employees, consultants and other individuals who performed services for Delek or its affiliates. Stock options and SARs granted under the 2006 Plan were generally granted at market price or higher. The vesting of all outstanding awards was subject to continued service to Delek or its affiliates except that vesting of awards granted to certain executive employees could, under certain circumstances, accelerate upon termination of their employment and the vesting of all outstanding awards could accelerate upon the occurrence of an Exchange Transaction (as defined in the 2006 Plan). In the second quarter of 2010, Delek's Board of Directors and its Incentive Plan Committee began using stock-settled SARs, rather than stock options, as the primary form of appreciation award under the 2006 Plan. The 2006 Plan expired in April 2016.

Delek US Holdings, Inc. 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan

On May 5, 2016, our stockholders approved our 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “2016 Plan”) to succeed our 2006 Plan. The 2016 Plan allows Delek to grant stock options, SARs, restricted stock, RSUs, performance awards and other stock-based awards of Delek's common stock to certain directors, officers, employees, consultants and other individuals who perform services for Delek or its affiliates. On May 3, 2022 and May 3, 2023, the Company's stockholders approved an amendment to the 2016 plan that increased the number of shares of common stock available under this plan by 760,000 shares and 2,015,000 shares, respectively, to 17,010,000 shares. Stock options and SARs issued under the 2016 Plan are granted at prices equal to (or greater than) the fair market value of Delek's common stock on the grant date and are generally subject to a vesting period of one year or more. No awards will be made under the 2016 Plan after May 5, 2026.

Alon USA Energy, Inc. 2005 Long-Term Incentive Plan

In connection with the Delek/Alon Merger, Delek assumed the Alon USA Energy, Inc. Second Amended and Restated 2005 Incentive Compensation Plan (the “Alon 2005 Plan” and, collectively with the 2006 Plan and the 2016 Plan, the "Incentive Plans") as a component of its overall executive incentive compensation program. The Alon 2005 Plan permits the granting of awards to Alon's officers and key employees in the form of options to purchase common stock, SARs, restricted shares of common stock, RSUs, performance shares, performance units and senior executive plan bonuses. Effective with the Delek/Alon Merger, all contractually unvested share-based awards were converted into share-based awards denominated in Delek common stock. Committed but unissued share-based awards were exchanged and converted into rights to receive share-based awards indexed to Delek common stock. The Alon 2005 Plan was terminated June 4, 2021.

Stock Option and SAR Activity

The following table summarizes our Incentive Plans stock option and SAR activity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:


	Number of Shares Under Option	Weighted-Average Strike Price		Weighted-Average Contractual Term (in years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Options and SARs outstanding, December 31, 2020	2,490,480	$	34.16

Exercised	(28,025)	$	15.67
Forfeited	(389,225)	$	38.10
Options and SARs outstanding, December 31, 2021	2,073,230	$	33.79

Exercised	(326,735)	$	26.04
Forfeited	(219,450)	$	35.72
Options and SARs outstanding, December 31, 2022	1,527,045	$	35.17

Exercised	(51,200)	$	25.06
Forfeited	(259,730)	$	37.34
Options and SARs outstanding, December 31, 2023	1,216,115	$	35.14	4.1	$0.3

Vested options and SARs exercisable, December 31, 2023	1,216,115	$	35.14	4.1	$0.3
Vested options and SARs exercisable, December 31, 2022	1,447,795	$	35.20	5.0	$1.0


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Restricted Stock Units

The Incentive Plans provide for the award of RSUs and PRSUs to certain employees and non-employee directors. RSUs granted to employees vest ratably over three to five years from the date of grant, and RSUs granted to non-employee directors vest quarterly over the year following the date of grant. The grant date fair value of RSUs is determined based on the closing price of Delek's common stock on the grant date. PRSUs initially granted to employees will typically vest in one to three tranches, the first of which vests on December 31 of the year following the grant date, the second and third on the subsequent December 31. PRSUs subsequently granted to employees will typically vest at the end of a three calendar year performance period. The number of PRSUs that will ultimately vest is based on the Company's total shareholder return over the performance period. The grant date fair value of PRSUs is determined using a Monte-Carlo simulation model. We record compensation expense for these awards based on the grant date fair value of the award, recognized ratably over the measurement period.

Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Assumptions

The table below provides the assumptions used in estimating the fair values of our outstanding PRSUs under the Incentive Plans. For all awards granted, we calculated volatility using historical volatility and implied volatility of a peer group of public companies using weekly stock prices.


	2023 Grants	2022 Grants	2021 Grants
Expected volatility	57.61% - 64.46%	74.11% - 77.89%	70.49%
Expected term	1.81 - 2.81 years	2.56 - 2.81 years	2.81 years
Risk free rate	4.32% - 4.60%	1.84% - 3.12%	0.14%
Fair value per share	$24.95	$35.03	$36.23

The following table summarizes the RSU and PRSU activity under the Incentive Plans for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:


		Number of RSUs and PRSUs	Weighted-Average Grant Date Price		Total Fair Value: In Millions
Balance	December 31, 2020	1,829,775	$	23.62
Granted		1,162,436	$	26.07
Vested		(583,638)	$	28.03	$	16.4
Forfeited		(238,046)	$	22.58
Performance Not Achieved		(23,896)	$	47.68
Balance	December 31, 2021	2,146,631	$	23.54
Granted		1,345,746	$	31.87
Vested		(611,440)	$	24.28	$	14.8
Forfeited		(129,771)	$	24.22
Performance Not Achieved		(129,833)	$	38.76
Balance	December 31, 2022	2,621,333	$	26.85
Granted		1,446,101	$	24.17
Vested		(667,597)	$	26.38	$	17.6
Forfeited		(539,850)	$	27.89
Performance Not Achieved		(350,939)	$	10.58
Balance	December 31, 2023	2,509,048	$	27.48

Compensation Expense Related to Equity-based Awards Granted Under the Incentive Plans

Compensation expense for Delek equity-based awards amounted to $24.1 million, $26.8 million and $23.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. These amounts are included in general and administrative expenses and operating expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of income. We recognized income tax (benefit) expense for equity-based awards of $(2.0) million, $0.9 million and $1.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

As of December 31, 2023, there was $40.0 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested share-based compensation arrangements, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.4 years.

The aggregate intrinsic value, which represents the difference between the underlying stock's market price and the award's exercise price, of the share-based awards exercised or vested during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $16.3 million, $20.5 million and $13.0 million, respectively. During the years December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, we issued net shares of common stock of 450,123, 457,405 and 415,212 as a result of exercised or vested equity-based awards. These amounts are net of 223,645, 463,677 and 196,451 shares, respectively, withheld to satisfy employee tax obligations related to the exercises and vesting for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. Delek paid approximately $4.5 million, $6.5 million and $4.2 million of taxes in connection with the settlement of


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these awards for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. We issue new shares of common stock upon exercise or vesting of share-based awards.

Delek Logistics GP, LLC 2012 Long-Term Incentive Plan

Logistics GP maintains a unit-based compensation plan for officers, directors and employees of Logistics GP or its affiliates and certain consultants, affiliates of Logistics GP or other individuals who perform services for Delek Logistics. The Delek Logistics GP, LLC 2012 Long-Term Incentive Plan ("Logistics LTIP") permits the grant of unit options, restricted units, phantom units, unit appreciation rights, distribution equivalent rights, other unit-based awards, and unit awards. Awards granted under the Logistics LTIP will be settled with Delek Logistics units. On June 9, 2021, the Logistics GP board of directors amended the Logistics LTIP and increased the number of common units representing limited partner interests in Delek Logistics (the "Common Units") authorized for issuance under this plan by 300,000 Common Units to 912,207 Common Units. The term of the Logistics LTIP was also extended to June 9, 2031. Equity-based compensation expense is included in general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of income and is immaterial for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

21. Shareholders' Equity

Dividends

For 2023, our Board of Directors declared the following dividends:

Approval Date

Dividend Amount Per Share

Record Date

Payment Date

February 27, 2023

$0.220

March 10, 2023

March 17, 2023

May 2, 2023

$0.230

May 15, 2023

May 22, 2023

August 4, 2023

$0.235

August 14, 2023

August 21, 2023

November 1, 2023

$0.240

November 13, 2023

November 20, 2023

February 20, 2024

$0.245

March 1, 2024

March 8, 2024

Stock Repurchase Program

On November 6, 2018, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to $500.0 million of Delek common stock. Any share repurchases under the repurchase program may be implemented through open market transactions or in privately negotiated transactions, in accordance with applicable securities laws. The timing, price and size of repurchases are made at the discretion of management and will depend on prevailing market prices, general economic and market conditions and other considerations. On August 1, 2022, the Board of Directors approved an approximately $170.3 million increase in its share repurchase authorization, bringing the total amount available for repurchases under current authorizations to $400.0 million. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, 3,562,767 and 4,261,185 shares, respectively, of our common stock were repurchased and cancelled at the time of the transaction for a total of $85.4 million and $129.6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, there was $185.1 million of authorization remaining under Delek's aggregate stock repurchase program.

Stock Purchase and Cooperation Agreement

On March 7, 2022, Delek entered into a stock purchase and cooperation agreement (the “Icahn Group Agreement”) with IEP Energy Holding LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, American Entertainment Properties Corp., a Delaware corporation, Icahn Enterprises Holdings L.P., a Delaware limited partnership, Icahn Enterprises G.P. Inc., a Delaware corporation, Beckton Corp., a Delaware corporation, and Carl C. Icahn (collectively, the “Icahn Group”), pursuant to which the Company purchased an aggregate of 3,497,268 shares of Company common stock from the Icahn Group at a price per share of $18.30, the closing price of a share of Company common stock on the NYSE on March 4, 2022. The aggregate purchase price of $64.0 million was funded from cash on hand. All 3,497,268 shares were cancelled at the time of the transaction.

Under the terms of the Icahn Group Agreement, the Icahn Group withdrew its notice of nomination for members of the Company’s board of directors at the Company’s 2022 annual meeting of stockholders. Under the terms of the Icahn Group Agreement, the Icahn Group agreed to standstill restrictions which require, among other things, that until the completion of the Company’s 2023 annual meeting of stockholders, the Icahn Group will refrain from acquiring additional shares of the Company Common Stock.


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22. Employees

Workforce

As of December 31, 2023, operations, maintenance and warehouse hourly employees along with truck drivers at the Tyler refinery were represented by the United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union and its Local 202. Of the Tyler refinery employees, 57.5% of operations, maintenance and warehouse hourly employees are currently covered by a collective bargaining agreement that expires January 31, 2028 while 11.7% of Tyler employees that are truck drivers are currently covered by a collective bargaining agreement that expires November 3, 2024. As of December 31, 2023, operations, maintenance and warehouse hourly employees at the El Dorado refinery were represented by the International Union of Operating Engineers and its Local 351. Of the El Dorado refinery employees, 52.4% are covered by a collective bargaining agreement which expires on August 1, 2027. As of December 31, 2023, 67.7% of employees who work at our Big Spring refinery were covered by a collective bargaining agreement that expires March 31, 2027. None of our employees in our logistics segment, retail segment or in our corporate office are represented by a union. We consider our relations with our employees to be satisfactory.

Postretirement Benefits

Pension Plans

We have two defined benefit pension plans for certain Alon employees. The benefits are based on years of service and the employee’s final average monthly compensation. Our funding policy is to contribute annually no less than the minimum required nor more than the maximum amount that can be deducted for federal income tax purposes. Contributions are intended to provide not only for benefits attributed to service to date but also for those benefits expected to be earned in the future. Both plans are closed to new participants. The pre-tax amounts related to the defined benefit plans recognized as pension benefit liability in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 was $2.5 million.

Financial information related to our pension plans is presented below (in millions):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Change in projected benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation at beginning of year	$	105.3	$	140.8

Interest cost	5.3		3.7
Actuarial loss (gain)	2.0		(33.5)
Benefits paid	(5.9)		(5.7)

Projected benefit obligations at end of year	$	106.7	$	105.3
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	$	102.2	$	137.9
Actual gain (loss) on plan assets	7.9		(30.0)

Benefits paid	(5.9)		(5.7)

Fair value of plan assets at end of year	$	104.2	$	102.2
Reconciliation of funded status:
Fair value of plan assets at end of year	$	104.2	$	102.2
Less projected benefit obligations at end of year	106.7		105.3
Under-funded status at end of year	$	(2.5)	$	(3.1)

The pre-tax amounts in accumulated other comprehensive loss that have not yet been recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost were as follows (in millions):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Net actuarial loss	$	6.0	$	6.5

Projected benefit obligations at end of year	$	6.0	$	6.5


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The accumulated benefit obligation for each of our pension plans was in excess of the fair value of plan assets. The projected benefit obligation, accumulated benefit obligation and fair value of plan assets for the pension plans were as follows (in millions):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Projected benefit obligation	$	106.7	$	105.3
Accumulated benefit obligation	$	106.7	$	105.3
Fair value of plan assets	$	104.2	$	102.2

The weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations were as follows:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Discount rate	4.90	%	5.10	%

The discount rate used reflects the expected future cash flow based on our funding valuation assumptions and participant data as of the beginning of the plan period. The expected future cash flow is discounted by the Principal Pension Discount Yield Curve for the fiscal year end because it has been specifically designed to help pension funds comply with statutory funding guidelines. The expected long-term rate of return is based on the portfolio as a whole and not on the sum of the returns on individual asset categories.

The weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit costs were as follows:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Discount rate	5.10	%	2.75	%	2.45	%
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets	5.55	%	4.05	%	4.65	%

The components of net periodic benefit cost related to our benefit plans consisted of the following (in millions):


	Year Ended December 31,
Components of net periodic benefit:	2023		2022		2021

Interest cost	5.3		3.7		3.5
Expected return on plan assets	(5.4)		(5.2)		(6.0)
Amortization of net gain	(0.1)		—		—

Net periodic benefit	$	(0.2)	$	(1.5)	$	(2.5)

The service cost component of net periodic benefit is included as part of general and administrative expenses in the accompanying statements of income. The other components of net periodic benefit are included as part of other non-operating expense (income), net.


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The weighted-average asset allocation of our pension benefits plan assets were as follows:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Investments in common collective trust consisting of:
U.S. and International companies	10.0	%	20.2	%
Fixed-income	90.0	%	79.8	%

Total	100.0	%	100.0	%

The fair value of our pension assets by category were as follows (in millions):


	Quoted Prices in Active Markets For Identical Assets or Liabilities (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Consolidated Total
Year Ended December 31, 2023

U.S. companies	$	—	$	7.3	$	—	$	7.3
International companies	—		3.1		—		3.1


Fixed-income	—		93.8		—		93.8

Total	$	—	$	104.2	$	—	$	104.2
Year Ended December 31, 2022

U.S. companies	$	—	$	14.3	$	—	$	14.3
International companies	—		6.3		—		6.3


Fixed-income	—		81.6		—		81.6

Total	$	—	$	102.2	$	—	$	102.2

The investment policies and strategies for the assets of our pension benefits is to, over a five-year period, provide returns in excess of the benchmark. The portfolio in our common collective trust is expected to earn long-term returns from capital appreciation and a stable stream of current income. This approach recognizes that assets are exposed to price risk and the market value of the plans’ assets may fluctuate from year to year. Risk tolerance is determined based on our specific risk management policies. In line with the investment return objective and risk parameters, the plans’ mix of assets includes a diversified portfolio of underlying securities in companies and fixed-income. The underlying securities include domestic and international companies of various sizes of capitalization. The asset allocation of the plan is reviewed on at least an annual basis.

We made no contributions to the pension plans for the year ended December 31, 2023, and expect no contributions to be made to the pension plans in 2024. There were no employee contributions to the plans. The benefits expected to be paid in each year 2024–2028 are $7.1 million, $7.0 million, $6.9 million, $7.1 million and $7.1 million, respectively. The aggregate benefits expected to be paid in the five years from 2029–2033 are $36.3 million. The expected benefits are based on the same assumptions used to measure our benefit obligation at December 31, 2023 and include estimated future employee service.

401(k) Plans

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we sponsored a voluntary 401(k) Employee Retirement Savings Plans for eligible employees. Employees must be at least 21 years of age and eligibility to participate in the plan is immediate upon employment. Employee contributions are matched on a fully-vested basis by us up to a maximum of 6% of eligible compensation. Eligibility for the Company matching contribution begins immediately upon employment with vesting after one year of service. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the 401(k) plans expense recognized was $14.8 million, $10.9 million and $4.8 million, respectively.

Postretirement Medical Plan

In addition to providing pension benefits, Alon has an unfunded postretirement medical plan covering certain health care and life insurance benefits for certain employees of Alon that retired prior to January 2, 2017, who met eligibility requirements in the plan documents. This plan is closed to new participants. The health care benefits in excess of certain limits are insured. The accrued benefit liability related to this plan reflected in the consolidated balance sheet was $0.6 million and $0.8 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

23. Leases

We lease certain retail stores, land, building and various equipment from others. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet; we recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Most leases include one or more options to renew, with renewal terms that can extend the lease term from one to 10 years or more. The exercise of existing lease renewal options is at our sole discretion. Certain leases also include options to purchase the leased property. The depreciable life of assets and


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leasehold improvements are limited by the expected lease term, unless there is a transfer of title or purchase option reasonably certain of exercise.

Some of our lease agreements include a rate based on equipment usage and others include a rate with fixed increases or inflationary index based increases. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. We rent or sublease certain real estate and equipment to third parties. Our sublease portfolio consists primarily of operating leases within our retail stores and crude storage equipment.

As of December 31, 2023, an immaterial amount of our net property, plant, and equipment balance is subject to an operating lease to a third party. This agreement does not include options for the lessee to purchase our leasing equipment, nor does it include any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. The agreement includes 10 year renewal options and certain variable payments based on usage.

During the fourth quarter of 2023, Delek determined that leased crude oil tanks in Canada were not needed to support the future growth of its business. We have the ability and intent to sublease these crude oil tanks for the remainder of the respective lease terms, however, the expected sublease has a lower rate than the head lease, resulting in a right-of-use asset impairment of $23.1 million and remaining right-of-use asset value of $21.2 million. The impairment is included in asset impairment in the consolidated statements of income. The fair value of the right-of-use asset was estimated using the discounted future cash flows method, which includes estimates and assumptions for future sublease rental rates that reflect current sublease market conditions, as well as a discount rate.

The following table presents additional information related to our operating leases in accordance ASC 842, Leases ("ASC 842"):


(in millions)	Year Ended December 31,
		2023		2022			2021
Lease Cost
Operating lease costs (1)		$	71.6	$	70.4		$	67.7
Short-term lease costs (2)		45.1		35.9			33.9
Sublease income		(3.5)		(0.2)			(5.8)
Net lease costs		$	113.2	$	106.1		$	95.8
Other Information
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases (1)		$	(68.1)	$	(70.4)		$	(67.7)
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities		$	53.7	$	28.5		$	87.1
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new financing lease liabilities		$	3.4	$	0.1		$	15.7

				December 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) operating leases				4.4			4.3
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) financing leases				5.9			6.4
Weighted-average discount rate operating leases (3)				6.1		%	6.1		%
Weighted-average discount rate financing leases (3)				4.8		%	3.4		%

(1) Includes an immaterial amount of financing lease cost.

(2) Includes an immaterial amount of variable lease cost.

(3) Our discount rate is primarily based on our incremental borrowing rate in accordance with ASC 842.

The following is an estimate of the maturity of our lease liabilities for operating and financing leases having remaining noncancelable terms in excess of one year as of December 31, 2023 (in millions) under the lease guidance ASC 842:



Maturity of Lease Liabilities	Total
12 months or less	$	65.6
13-24 months	53.3
25-36 months	29.0
37-48 months	26.0
49- 60 months	9.0
Thereafter	22.5
Total Future Lease Payments	205.4
Less: Interest	39.5
Present Value of Lease Liabilities	$	165.9


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Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY

None.


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Signatures

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Delek US Holdings, Inc.

By: /s/ Reuven Spiegel

Reuven Spiegel

Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial Officer)

Dated: February 28, 2024

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by or on behalf of the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated on February 28, 2024:

/s/ Ezra Uzi Yemin

Ezra Uzi Yemin

Executive Chairman

/s/ Avigal Soreq

Avigal Soreq

Director (Chair), President and Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

/s/ Robert Wright

Robert Wright

Senior Vice President, Deputy Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Accounting Officer)

/s/ William J. Finnerty

William J. Finnerty

Director

/s/ Richard J. Marcogliese

Richard J. Marcogliese

Director

/s/ Leo Moreno

Leo Moreno

Director

/s/ Christine Benson Schwartzstein

Christine Benson Schwartzstein

Director

/s/ Gary M. Sullivan, Jr.

Gary M. Sullivan, Jr.

Director

/s/ Vasiliki (Vicky) Sutil

Vasiliki (Vicky) Sutil

Director

/s/ Laurie Z. Tolson

Laurie Z. Tolson

Director

/s/ Shlomo Zohar

Shlomo Zohar

Director


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